And our last section is

1
And our last section is

• Standards
• Occupational Safety Health
• Personal Protective Equipment

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First, lets establish a context

• The Canadian Armed Forces use a flowchart for
  risk management. This flowchart, available in
  poster form, is entitled Risk Management Logic.

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Risk Management Logic
National Defence
What are the hazards in this operation? What is
the probability of an accident? How severe will
the accident be? What is the exposure to that
accident?
What is the level of risk?
Feedback loop
Is that risk acceptable?
NO
YES
Can any risks be eliminated?
Accept the risk
NO
YES
Can any risks be reduced?
Eliminate those risks
NO
YES
Cancel the operation
Reduce those risks
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Risk Management cond

• In work, as in life, no activity is risk-free.
• You could sprain your ankle stepping off the curb
  on your way home.
• You could burn your hand cooking dinner.
• You could be involved in a car accident.

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Risk Management cond
The key in work, as in life is eliminating
risks and reducing risks where possible (yellow
highlighted area)
What are the hazards in this operation? What is
the probability of an accident? How severe will
the accident be? What is the exposure to that
accident?
What is the level of risk?
Feedback loop
Is that risk acceptable?
NO
YES
Can any risks be eliminated?
Accept the risk
NO
YES
Can any risks be reduced?
Eliminate those risks
NO
YES
Cancel the operation
Reduce those risks
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Risk Management cond

• The lines of defense from hazards include
• Engineering controls
• Work practices
• Administrative controls and,
• Personal protective equipment (PPE)

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Risk Management cond

• Engineering controls physically changing a
  machine or work environment. For example,
• installing emission controls to reduce toxic
  emissions from plant equipment
• installing machine guards to reduce the risk of
  clothing and limbs being caught in moving
  equipment.

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Risk Management cond

• Work practices training workers how to perform
  tasks in ways that reduce their exposure to
  workplace hazards.
• Administrative controls changing how or when
  employees do their jobs. For example,
• Rotating employees in a certain environment to
  reduce hazard exposure for any one employee.

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Risk Management cond

• OSHA defines Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
  as follows
• PPE is designed to protect employees from
  serious workplace injuries or illnesses resulting
  from contact with chemical, radiological,
  physical, electrical, mechanical, or other
  workplace hazards. Besides face shields, safety
  glasses, hard hats, and safety shoes, PPE
  includes a variety of devices and garments such
  as goggles, coveralls, gloves, vests, earplugs,
  and respirators.

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Is there more to PPE than wearing neat equipment?

• Yes! Absolutely! A complete PPE program includes
• Employers conduct a hazard assessment to
  determine what hazards are present that require
  PPE
• Employers provide workers with the appropriate
  PPE
• Employers provide workers with training on when
  and how to properly use PPE, and to understand
  the limitations of PPE
• Workers actually use the PPE and maintain it in
  sanitary and reliable condition.

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From Head to Toe

• In this module, well review
• Headwear
• Eye/face protection
• Hearing protection
• Gloves Mitts
• Coveralls and other torso protection
• Footwear
• (With acknowledgements to the websites of CSA and
  OSHA for textual information product photos from
  www.rjsafety.com and www.kodiakboots.com)

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From Head to Toe cond

• But wait!!!
• Were engineers, not construction workers or shop
  floor employees! Why would we need PPE?
• Consider these examples

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From Head to Toe cond

• So youre an industrial, mechanical, or
  manufacturing engineer, designing factory
  processes, airplane parts, farm equipment, or
  tools for the new line of couches Youre going
  to be on the shop floor talking to technicians
  and tradespeople that can tell you what the
  equipment can and cannot do, and watch your new
  processes and designs being implemented. You may
  well need a hard hat, steel-toe boots, safety
  glasses, and hearing protection.

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From Head to Toe cond

• So youre a civil engineer doing site inspections
  on a work in progress. The earthmovers and
  backhoes are running rampant, the cranes are
  lifting beams and trusses, and there are trenches
  all over the site. You need to approach these
  machines to talk to the operators and in addition
  to your hard hat and steel-toed shoes, youll
  need to know standard hand signals and how to
  safely descend into a trench.

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From Head to Toe cond

• So youre an environmental engineer supervising
  the removal of contaminated soil at a former
  petroleum site. Because of the heavy equipment
  and the gas-soaked soil on site, you don your
  hard hat, steel-toed boots, and protective
  coveralls. From there, you go to a job assessing
  asbestos hazards in abandoned buildings, and you
  get a fresh set of coveralls as well as eye
  protection and a face mask with asbestos-rated
  filters.

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From Head to Toe cond

• The examples change, but one thing remains
• Regardless of whether your primary location is a
  manufacturing or processing plant, a consulting
  office, or a government office,
• engineers are
• on the shop floor, in the field and on site!

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Headwear

• U.S. statistics indicate that most workers who
  suffered impact injuries to the head were not
  wearing head protection.
• The majority of workers were injured while
  performing their normal jobs at the regular
  worksites.

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Headwear Are all hard hats created equal?

• Canadian and U.S. standards say that head
  protection must
• Resist penetration (penetration protection)
• Absorb the shock of a blow (impact protection)
• Some hard hats also provide protection from
  electric shock

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Headwear Are all hard hats created equal?

• The shell of the hat must be made of a material
  hard enough to resist penetration (all hats)
• Impact protection is provided by the
  shock-absorbing lining which keeps the shell away
  from the skull (all hats).
• Hard hats are divided into three categories based
  on their electric shock resistance.

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Headwear Are all hard hats created equal?

• CSA Class G General usage impact protection
  penetration protection non-conducting passes
  dielectric-strength test of 2,200V (comparable to
  ANSI Class A)
• CSA Class E Electrical trades impact
  protection penetration protection
  non-conducting passes dielectric-strength test
  of 20,000V (comparable to ANSI Class B)
• CSA Class C Conducting headwear impact
  protection penetration protection. No voltage
  protection (comparable to ANSI Class C)

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KNOW WHICH TYPE YOU NEED!

• But how can you tell?
• By Canadian and U.S. standards, you the wearer
  can look inside the shell of the hard hat for
  the manufacturer, the protection class
  designation, and the CSA and/or ANSI
  certification marks.

22
Eye Face Protection

• Typical hazards related to eye and face
  protection include
• Flying objects particles
• Splashing liquids
• Molten metal
• Ultraviolet, visible, and
  infrared radiation

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Eye Face Protection cond

• Besides providing adequate protection for the
  particular hazard, eye and face protection should
  also be
• Comfortable or else they wont be worn!
• A snug fit
• Should not interfere with vision or movement
• Durable cleanable

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Eye Face Protection cond

• Eye face protection may be either through
  safety glasses or full face shields.
• They may be rated for
• High impact protection
• Low impact protection
• When choosing safety glasses or faceshields, look
  for the CSA certifiction mark on the glasses or
  faceshield.

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Eye Face Protection cond

• What if I wear glasses?
• Safety glasses may be worn over contact lenses.
• Special glasses can be worn. They look like
  street glasses, but are actually a special
  frame with lenses that are both corrective and
  protective.
• Some style of safety glasses fit over corrective
  glasses.
• Some styles of safety glasses incorporate
  corrective lenses mounted behind the protective
  lenses.

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Hearing Protection

• Exposure to high noise levels can cause
  irreversible hearing impairment, hearing loss,
  physical psychological stress.
• Just as there are many styles and types of eye
  face protection, there are also many styles and
  types of hearing protection
• Earplugs
• Earmuffs
• Helmets equipped with earmuffs

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Hearing Protection cond

• Earplugs
• May be pre-formed or molded, and individually
  fitted by a professional made-for-you
• May be waxed cotton, foam, or fiberglass wool.
  These are self-forming and work as well as molded
  earplugs when properly inserted.
• May be disposable or non-disposable.

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Hearing Protection cond

• Earmuffs
• Need to make a perfect seal around the ear to be
  effective.
• Things that reduce protection glasses, long
  sideburns, long hair, facial movements (e.g.
  chewing gum).
• Special equipment is available for use with
  glasses or beards.

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Torso Protection

• Hazards to the torso include
• Heat splashes from hot metals and liquids
• Impacts cuts
• Acids
• Radiation
• The range of torso protection includes
• Vests Jackets
• Aprons
• Coveralls Full body suits

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Torso Protection - cond

• Wool specially treated cotton - respond well to
  changing temperatures comfortable and
  fire-resistant.
• Duck (a closely woven cotton fibre) good for
  light-duty protective clothing. It can protect
  against cuts and bruises.
• Leather offers heat resistance and can guard
  against dry heat and flame.
• Rubber, rubberized fabrics, neoprene, plastics
  offer protection against some acids and chemicals

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Torso Protection cond

• So as you can see
• Refer to the manufacturers selection guides to
  choose the right protection for the right job.
• This is true for torso protection, as well as all
  other PPE as well.

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Hand Arm Protection

• Just like the torso, hands and arms are exposed
  to similar hazards
• Burns, cuts, and chemical splashes
• Electrical shock
• Amputation
• Just as with other PPE, a range of styles of
  protection for hands and arms exist
• Gloves mitts
• Hand pads
• Sleeves

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Hand Arm Protection cond

• Again, gloves and sleeves are rated to protect
  from these hazards alone and in combination.
• Check manufacturers selection guides to
  determine the suitable glove for your job.
• Electricians need special protection from shocks
  and burns
• Rubber is considered the best material this
  hazard.

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Hand Arm Protection cond

• CSA has a standard for insulating gloves and
  mitts used for protection from electric shock.
  Gloves mitts may be designated as
• Type I non-resistant to ozone
• Type II resistant to ozone
• In addition, there are five classes of gloves,
  each with differing electrical characteristics.
• Class 0, Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, and Class 4.

35
Hand Arm Protection cond

• When buying gloves for electric shock protection,
  check for a CSA Mark on the glove, and confirm
  the Type and Class are appropriate for your
  environment.

36
Footwear

• Footwear protects you from
• Falling rolling objects
• Sharp objects
• Molten metal
• Surfaces that are hot, wet, or slippery
• Protective footwear ranges from
• Footguards (fiberglass or steel guards that slip
  over normal shoes)
• Shoes that range in style from workboots, hiking
  boots, rubber boots, casual shoes, and more.

37
Footwear cond

• The CSA standard for footwear includes
• Toe impact resistance (steel toes) mandatory
• Grade I 125 Joules
• Grade II 90 Joules
• Grade III 60 Joules
• Sole penetration protection optional
• Electric shock resistance optional
• Static dissipative footwear - optional

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Footwear cond

• Different CSA marks denote different types of
  protection. The following slide is courtesy of
  Kodiak boots (www.kodiakboots.com)
• When choosing footwear,
• look for the CSA symbol, or combination of
  symbols, on the boot that matches the hazards of
  your environment.

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Footwear cond
Triangle puncture-resistant steel plate (sole
protection). Green colour certified Grade 1
footwear with steel toe that withstands up to 125
Joules.USE For any industry where there is a
hazard from nails or other sharp objects,
particularly the construction industry.
Triangle puncture-resistant steel plate (sole
protection). Yellow colour certified Grade 2
footwear with steel toe that withstands up to 90
Joules.USE For any industry where there is a
hazard from nails or other sharp objects.
Triangle puncture-resistant steel plate (sole
protection). Red colour certified Grade 3
footwear with steel toe that withstands up to 60
Joules.USE For any industry where there is a
hazard from nails or other sharp objects.
White rectangle with Greek letter Omega soles
are resistant to electric shock.USE For general
use to reduce the risk of electrical shock from
accidental contact with live electrical
conductors
Rectangle with Green S.D. and grounding symbol
soles are static dissipative.USE For industries
where a static discharge could create a hazard to
workers or equipment.
www.kodiakboots.com/industrial/csasafety.html
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More Information at

• There are a myriad of styles and types of almost
  all PPE. To see the range of whats available,
  browse these on-line catalogues
• www.levittsafety.com
• www.rjsafety.com
• www.evallen.com
• www.safetyshoes.com
• www.kodiakboots.com

and thats all, folks!