HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM OVERVIEW

1
HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM OVERVIEW

• 29 CFR 1926.1126 CHROMIUM (VI)
• Susan Harwood Grant
• 46E6 HT34

2
Background Information

• Chromium is a metal that exists in several
  oxidation or valence states, ranging from
  chromium (-II) to chromium (VI).
• Chromium compounds are very stable in the
  trivalent state and occur naturally in this state
  in ores such as ferrochromite, or chromite ore.
• The hexavalent, Cr(VI) or chromate, is the second
  most stable state. It rarely occurs naturally
  most Cr(VI) compounds are man made.

3
Background Information

• OSHA has determined that the PEL of 5 µg/m3 is
  technologically feasible for all affected welding
  job categories
• OSHA has concluded that no carbon steel welders
  are exposed to Cr(VI) above 5 µg/m3, with the
  exception of a small portion of workers welding
  on carbon steel in enclosed and confined spaces.
• Many welding processes, such as tungsten-arc
  welding (TIG) and submerged arc welding (SAW),
  already achieve Cr(VI) exposures below the PEL
  because they inherently generate lower fume
  volumes.

4
Is Chrome a Carcinogen or Necessary Element?

• Chrome III is an essential nutrient for
  maintaining blood glucose levels
• Chrome VI is classified as a known human
  carcinogen

5
Health Effects

• Cancer
• Hexavalent chromium is considered a potential
  lung carcinogen.
• Studies of workers in the chromate production,
  plating, and pigment industries consistently show
  increased rates of lung cancer.
• Insoluble forms such as zinc chromate are the
  most potent
• 20 year cancer latency

6
Health Effects

• Ingestion Hazards
• Erosive to stomach
• Hemorrhaging and death are likely
• Treatment for ingestion - dilution with milk or
  water and/or asorbic acid. This should only be
  given by someone qualified in first aid.
• Ingestion of ascorbic acid to reduce Cr VI to Cr
  III will work, but may cause renal failure
  (conversion of ascorbic acid to oxalate plugs the
  kidneys)
• Recommended that you seek medical assistance
  first.

7
Health Effects

• Eyes
• Direct eye contact with chromic acid or chromate
  dusts can cause permanent eye damage.
• Treatment for eye contact Flush eye(s) for 15
  min. Seek medical assistance.
• Respiratory Tract
• Hexavalent chromium can irritate the nose,
  throat, and lungs.
• Repeated or prolonged exposure can damage the
  mucous membranes of the nasal passages and result
  in ulcers.
• In severe cases, exposure causes perforation of
  the septum (the wall separating the nasal
  passages).

8
Health Effects

• Skin
• Prolonged skin contact can result in dermatitis
  and skin ulcers.
• Some workers develop an allergic sensitization to
  chromium. In sensitized workers, contact with
  even small amounts can cause a serious skin rash.
  
• Kidney damage has been linked to high dermal
  exposures.
• Treatment for skin contact - Irrigate with water
• Possible use of 10 ascorbic acid topically (the
  acid reduces/changes Cr VI to Cr III)
• Recommended that you seek medical assistance first

9
New Cr VI OSHA Standard

• Suit by Public Citizen Health Research Group
  Paper, Allied Industrial, Chemical, and Energy
  Workers Union (1997 2002)
• 4/2/2003 - 3rd Circuit Court of Appeals ruling
  for OSHA Cr(VI) proposal to be published by
  10/4/2004 and standard by 1/18/2006
• 2/28/2006 - Final Rule published

10
Greater Risk Than Asbestos

• Cancer risk from Cr (VI) at new PEL is higher
  than asbestos risk at asbestos PEL
• Asbestos 6.7 deaths per 1000 workers
• Benzene 10 deaths per 1000 workers
• Chrome VI 10-45 excess lung cancer deaths per
  1000 workers for 45 years of exposure at new PEL
  of 5 ug/m3

11
Past Cr VI Sampling

• Under the old PEL
• little sampling was performed
• Chrome plating was the main focus
• Some overexposures were noted
• Little welding sampling was performed
• A few spray painter exposures were evaluated
• They were VERY HIGH.
• Painting a plane in a bunker was 1000 X the PEL
• Consultation found 3250 ug/m3, 650 X the new PEL
• Not much prior sampling for Cr VI exposures

12
Coverage

• General Industry
• Basic difference Construction and Shipyards Cr
  VI standards lack sections on
• Regulated Areas
• Housekeeping

13
Scope

• This standard applies to occupational exposures
  to chromium (VI) in all forms and compounds in
  construction, except
• Exposures that occur in the application of
  pesticides
• Exposures to portland cement or
• Where the employer has objective data
  demonstrating that a material containing chromium
  or a specific process, operation, or activity
  involving chromium cannot release dusts, fumes,
  or mists of chromium (VI) in concentrations at or
  above 0.5 µg/m³ as an 8 hour time weighted
  average (TWA) under any expected conditions of
  use.

29 CFR 1926.1126(a)
14
What is Covered?

• Welding - Stainless Steel
• Welding - Carbon Steel
• Painting
• Woodworking
• Refractory Brick Restoration Maintenance
• Hazardous Waste Site Work
• Industrial Rehabilitation and Maintenance
• Portland Cement Producers Portland Cement?
• Ready Mix Concrete Portland Cement?
• Precast Concrete Products Portland Cement?

15
Welding

• Nearly half the workers covered under the new
  standard are welders
• Chromium in steel is oxidized to Cr VI by high
  welding temperatures
• 6,000 - 8,000 C for the SMAW, GTAW, GMAW, FCAW
  and SAW processes
• The hotter the process and the more oxygen that
  is present, more fume is generated

16
Welding

• Overexposures are POSSIBLE when welding stainless
  steel or high chrome steel and proper procedures
  are not followed.
• Stainless steel has between 10.5 - 27 chromium
• Nickel is also present in some types of stainless

17
Welding

• Potential for overexposure when welding CARBON
  steel and proper procedures are not followed.
• Position of head during welding is number one
  problem
• Anywhere the welding fume is more confined, such
  as welding in a tight corner
• Reason 10 of carbon steel has chromium in more
  than trace amounts

18
Welding

• Stick welding High likelihood of overexposure to
  Cr VI
• 50 of total Cr produced is Cr VI ( FR pg
  10262 col 3)
• TIG MIG generates lower fume amounts
• 4 of total Cr produced from MIG is Cr VI

19
Welding

• Submerged arc generates lower fume amounts
• Conclusion Switch to MIG from stick if you can

20
Definitions

• Action level - 2.5 µg/m³ (8-hour TWA).
• Permissible Exposure Limit - 5 µg/m³ (8-hour
  TWA).
• This has been lowered from the past level of 52
  micrograms per cubic meter of air (52 µg/m³).

29 CFR 1926.1126(b)
21
Definitions

• Objective data means
• Information such as air monitoring data from
  industry-wide surveys or
• Calculations based on the composition or chemical
  and physical properties of a substance

29 CFR 1926.1126(b)
22
Exposure Determination

• Each employer who has a workplace or work
  operation covered by this section shall determine
  the 8-hour TWA exposure for each employee exposed
  to chromium (VI).
• This determination shall be made in accordance
  with either of the following methods
• Scheduled Monitoring Option
• Performance-oriented Option

29 CFR 1926.1126(d)
23
Exposure Determination

• Scheduled Monitoring Option
• Perform initial monitoring to determine the
  8-hour TWA exposure for each employee.
• Additional monitoring when
• There has been any change that may result in new
  or additional exposures to chromium (VI), or
• When the employer has any reason to believe that
  new or additional exposures have occurred.

29 CFR 1926.1126(d)(2)
24
Exposure Determination

• Scheduled Monitoring Option
• Representative sampling may be performed instead
  of sampling all employees in order to meet this
  requirement.
• In this case, the employer shall sample the
  employee(s) expected to have the highest chromium
  (VI) exposures.

29 CFR 1926.1126(d)(2)
25
Exposure Determination

• If samples show lt Action Level
• May discontinue monitoring
• If samples show Action Level
• Periodic monitoring every six months
• If samples show Permissible Exposure Level
• Periodic monitoring every three months
• Additional monitoring where process has changed

29 CFR 1926.1126(d)(2)
26
Exposure Determination

• Performance-oriented Option
• The employer shall determine the 8-hour TWA
  exposure for each employee on the basis of any
  combination of
• Air monitoring data
• Historical monitoring data (prior to 5/30/2006)
  or
• Objective data.

29 CFR 1926.1126(d)(3)
27
Employee Notification

• If sampling shows gt PEL, 5 working days to post
  results or provide in writing
• Where sampling shows gt PEL, Employer must
  describe in the written notification the
  corrective action being taken to reduce employee
  exposure to or below the PEL

29 CFR 1926.1126(d)(4)
28
Accuracy of Sampling

• Accuracy
• Method and analysis /- 25 w/ a CI of 95
• Example would be the OSHA ID-215 Method

29 CFR 1926.1126(d)(5)
29
Observation of Monitoring

• Where air monitoring is performed to comply with
  the requirements of this section
• Provide affected employees or their designated
  representatives an opportunity to observe.
• The employer shall provide the observer with
  clothing and equipment and shall assure that the
  observer uses such clothing and equipment and
  complies with all other applicable safety and
  health procedures.

29 CFR 1926.1126(d)(6)
30
Methods of Compliance

• Use engineering and work practice controls to
  reduce and maintain employee exposure to or below
  the PEL.
• When not sufficient enough, Use of respiratory
  protection in Addition.
• No exposure above the PEL for 30 or more days per
  year or not feasible, Use of respiratory
  protection alone to comply.
• No rotation of employees to different jobs to
  achieve compliance with the PEL.

29 CFR 1926.1126(e)
31
Engineering Controls

• To the extent feasible, designed to eliminate or
  reduce exposure to hazards based on the following
  principles
• If feasible, design the facility, equipment, or
  process to remove the hazard and/or substitute
  something that is not hazardous or is less
  hazardous.
• If removal is not feasible, enclose the hazard to
  prevent exposure in normal operations.
• Where complete enclosure is not feasible,
  establish barriers or local ventilation to reduce
  exposure to the hazard in normal operations.

32
Elimination by Design

• Some examples of designing facilities, equipment,
  or processes so that the hazard is no longer
  present are
• Redesigning, changing, or substituting equipment
  to remove the source of excessive temperature,
  noise, or pressure
• Redesigning a process to use less toxic
  chemicals
• Redesigning a workstation to relieve physical
  stress and remove ergonomic hazards and
• Designing general ventilation with sufficient
  fresh outdoor air to improve indoor air quality
  and generally to provide a safe, healthful
  atmosphere.

33
Enclosure of Hazards

• When you can not remove a hazard and cannot
  replace it with a less hazardous alternative, the
  next best control is enclosure.
• While this may control employee exposure during
  production, it may not control exposures during
  maintenance.

34
Enclosure of Hazards

• Some examples of enclosure designs are
• Complete enclosure of moving parts of machinery
• Complete containment of toxic liquids or gasses
  from the beginning of the process using or
  producing them to detoxification, safe packing
  for shipment, or safe disposal of toxic waste
  products
• Glove box operations to enclose work with
  dangerous micro-organisms, radio nuclides, or
  toxic substances and
• Complete containment of noise, heat, or pressure.

35
Barriers or Local Ventilation

• When the potential hazard cannot be removed,
  replaced, or enclosed, the next best approach is
  a barrier to exposure, or, in the case of air
  contaminants, local exhaust ventilation to remove
  the air contaminant from the workplace.
• This engineered control involves potential
  exposure to the worker even in normal operations,
  consequently, it should be used only in
  conjunction with other types of controls, such as
  safe work practices designed specifically for the
  site condition and/or personal protective
  equipment.

36
Welding Controls

• Fume extractor for stick and MIG/TIG welding on
  stainless steel
• Fume extractor for enclosed welding on any kind
  of steel
• Weld using lower temperatures
• Avoid stick welding on steel
• containing chrome, if possible

37
How is welding fume controlled?

• Change the welding procedures
• Stick to MIG or even better TIG
• Use welding wires/rods designed for lower fume
  generation
• Change power sources
• Change shielding gases or
• Fume removal / extraction.

38
Fume Removal / Extraction

• Low Vacuum (High Volume)
• Low Vacuum systems remove a large amount of air
  at low velocity and low vacuum pressure.
• In welding fume extraction, low vacuum systems
  use articulated arms roughly 8 inches in
  diameter and can be from 12 to 18 inches from the
  welding arc.
• These arms typically draw between 600 and 900 CFM
  per arm.
• If access to the joint prevents the use of fume
  guns or suction heads, low vacuum may be the
  better solution.
• If the weldment smokes considerably after welding
  due to die oils or paint, fume guns will not work
  since they are removed after welding.

39
Low Vacuum (High Volume)

• Mobiflex 100-NF Portable Fan
• For hard to reach areas, exhaust the fume
• Connect to 6 in. diameter, 16 ft. long hose set
  with magnet mounted hood exhaust or extension
  hose set.
• Does not provide filtration.

40
Low Vacuum (High Volume)

• Mobiflex 200-M Base Unit - Mobile Welding Fume
  Extractor
• A portable, low vacuum/high volume disposable
  filtration system designed for intermittent or
  continuous extraction and filtration of welding
  fumes.
• On-board internal extraction fan and is designed
  specifically for weld applications.
• The particulate is collected on the inside of the
  cartridge, minimizing exposure to particulate
  during filter maintenance and disposal.

41
Fume Removal / Extraction

• High Vacuum (Low Volume)
• High Vacuum systems capture fume as close to the
  arc as possible using integrated fume extraction
  guns or heads that use small diameter hose
  1.51.75 inches, about 4 to 6 inches from the
  welding arc.
• These systems use much smaller hose or duct
  because they draw only between 35 and 150 CFM.
• Fume is captured before it reaches the operators
  breathing zone.

42
Fume Removal / Extraction

• High Vacuum (Low Volume)
• Using fume guns, the suction automatically
  follows the arc, eliminating repositioning
  necessary with low vacuum arms.
• Since only a small volume of air is processed,
  the strain on heating and cooling systems is
  minimal.
• Portable and mobile high vacuum units are smaller
  and less expensive than mobile low vacuum units.

43
High Vacuum (Low Volume)

• Miniflex - Portable Welding Fume Extractor
• A portable, high vacuum, low volume system
  specifically designed for the removal and
  filtration of welding fumes.
• It can be completely disassembled in a matter of
  minutes for cleaning and maintenance.
• With an automatic start/stop function, the unit
  automatically turns on and off during welding.
• It can be used in confined spaces and other
  locations that are not accessible with other
  welding fume extractors.

44
Work Practice Controls

• Position of head during welding operations
• When welding outside, having the wind at your
  back with the fumes being pushed away from your
  head.
• Preplan your work.

45
Some Painting Controls

• Chromates provide excellent corrosion control.
• With what data exists, airborne spray painting
  exposures are high.
• Recommendations
• Substitute with non-Cr VI paint, if possible
• Conduct spray painting in an extremely
  well-designed and maintained booth. (Think of
  controlling lead-based spray paint exposures, but
  having to control 10 times better.)
• Airline respirators

46
Some Painting Controls

• Ventilated grinders have been designed for silica
  and lead exposures
• Some grinders have a ventilated shroud on the
  grinder or needle gun, others may also have a
  perforated grinder disk
• If the paint contains zinc chromate or other
  chromates, Cr VI exposures will be high

47
Some Painting Controls

• Ventilated tools, ventilated enclosures, and
  increased levels of PPE are recommended
• Use Paint strippers to eliminate airborne
  exposures

48
Personal Protective Equipment

• When exposure to hazards cannot be engineered
  completely out of normal operations or
  maintenance work, and when safe work practices
  cannot provide sufficient additional protection,
  a further method of control is using protective
  clothing or equipment.
• These include face shields, steel-toed shoes,
  hard hats, respirators, hearing protection,
  gloves and safety glasses.

49
Respiratory Protection

• Provide respiratory protection for employees
  during
• Installing or implementing feasible engineering
  and work practice controls
• Work operations where exposed above the PEL for
  fewer than 30 days per year and the employer has
  elected not to implement engineering and work
  practice controls to achieve the PEL or
• Emergencies.
• Where respirator use is required by this section,
  the employer shall institute a respiratory
  protection program in accordance with 29 CFR
  1910.134.

29 CFR 1926.1126(f)
50
Respiratory Protection Program

• The employer shall implement a written
  respiratory protection program with required
  worksite-specific procedures and elements for
  required respirator use including
• Procedures for selecting respirators for use in
  the workplace
• Medical evaluations of employees required to use
  respirators
• Fit testing procedures for tight-fitting
  respirators
• Procedures for proper use of respirators in
  routine and reasonably foreseeable emergency
  situations

29 CFR 1910.134(c)(1)
51
Respiratory Protection Program

• Where respirator use is not required
• An employer may provide respirators at the
  request of employees or permit employees to use
  their own respirators, if the employer determines
  that such respirator use will not in itself
  create a hazard.
• If the employer determines that any voluntary
  respirator use is permissible, the employer shall
  provide the respirator users with the information
  contained in Appendix D to this section
  ("Information for Employees Using Respirators
  When Not Required Under the Standard") and
• In addition, the employer must establish and
  implement those elements of a written respiratory
  protection program necessary to ensure that any
  employee using a respirator voluntarily is
  medically able to use that respirator, and that
  the respirator is cleaned, stored, and maintained
  so that its use does not present a health hazard
  to the user.

29 CFR 1910.134(c)(2)
52
Types of Respiratory Protective Equipment

• Dust, Fume and Mist Respirators
• Mechanical filter respirators offer protection
  against airborne matter including dusts, mists,
  metal fumes and smoke.
• Mechanical filter respirators do not provide
  protection against gases, vapors, or oxygen
  deficiency.

53
Types of Respiratory Protective Equipment

• Chemical Cartridge Respirators
• Chemical Cartridge Respirators afford protection
  against concentrations of certain acid gases and
  organic vapors utilizing various chemical agents
  to purify the inhaled air. They shall not be
  used in atmospheres which are oxygen deficient.
• Chemical Cartridge Respirators (1/2 mask) shall
  not be used for protection against
• Gaseous material that is extremely toxic in small
  concentrations (hydrogen cyanide and sulfide).
• Exposure to harmful gaseous material which cannot
  be detected by odor (carbon monoxide).
• Gaseous material in concentrations which are
  highly irritating to the eyes.

54
Types of Respiratory Protective Equipment

• Air Supplied Hood
• The Air Supplied Hood is normally used where the
  user only requires protection against levels of
  material or requires an air flow for cooling
  purposes.
• This equipment shall not be used in any situation
  where the user would be endangered.

55
Types of Respiratory Protective Equipment

• Airline Respirator
• The airline respirator consists or a full face
  mask supplied with breathing air by a compressor
  or multiple stationary cylinders.
• Care must be exercised to prevent damage to the
  hose and regulator while in use, and the assembly
  shall be stored in such a way that damage will be
  avoided.

56
Types of Respiratory Protective Equipment

• Cylinder Type Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus
• The SCBA utilizes compressed breathing air and
  will provide protection in any atmosphere
  regardless or contamination or oxygen.
• Although this equipment should provide breathing
  air for approximately 30 minutes, caution or
  emotional strain may reduce the rated time.
• Users of this equipment shall immediately begin
  exiting the hazardous atmosphere when the low
  pressure alarm sounds.

57
Selection of Respirators

• Employees will be allowed to select the
  respirator to be used from a sufficient number of
  respirator models and sizes so that the
  respirator is acceptable and correctly fits.

29 CFR 1910.134(d)
58
Selection of Respirators

• In IDLH atmospheres, one of the following
  respirators must be used
• A full facepiece pressure demand SCBA certified
  by NIOSH for a minimum service life of thirty
  minutes, or
• A combination full facepiece pressure demand
  supplied-air respirator (SAR) with auxiliary
  self-contained air supply.
• Respirators provided only for escape from IDLH
  atmospheres shall be NIOSH-certified for escape
  from the atmosphere in which they will be used.
• All oxygen-deficient atmospheres shall be
  considered IDLH.

29 CFR 1910.134(d)
59
Selection of Respirators

• In atmospheres that are not IDLH, one of the
  following respirators must be used
• For protection against gases and vapors, one of
  the following respirators must be used
• An atmosphere-supplying respirator, or

29 CFR 1910.134(d)
60
Selection of Respirators

• In atmospheres that are not IDLH, one of the
  following respirators must be used
• An air-purifying respirator, provided that
• The respirator is equipped with an
  end-of-service-life indicator (ESLI) certified by
  NIOSH for the contaminant or
• If there is no ESLI appropriate for conditions in
  the employer's workplace, the employer implements
  a change schedule for canisters and cartridges
  that is based on objective information or data
  that will ensure that canisters and cartridges
  are changed before the end of their service life.

29 CFR 1910.134(d)
61
Selection of Respirators

• In atmospheres that are not IDLH, one of the
  following respirators must be used Cont.
• For protection against particulates, one of the
  following respirators must be used
• An atmosphere-supplying respirator or
• An air-purifying respirator equipped with a
  filter certified by NIOSH under 30 CFR part 11 as
  a high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter,
  or an air-purifying respirator equipped with a
  filter certified for particulates by NIOSH under
  42 CFR part 84 or
• For contaminants consisting primarily of
  particles with mass median aerodynamic diameters
  (MMAD) of at least 2 micrometers, an
  air-purifying respirator equipped with any filter
  certified for particulates by NIOSH.

29 CFR 1910.134(d)
62
Assigned Protection Factors5
63
Use of Respirators

• Respirators with tight-fitting facepieces cannot
  be worn by employees who have
• Facial hair that comes between the sealing
  surface of the facepiece and the face or that
  interferes with valve function or
• Any condition that interferes with the
  face-to-facepiece seal or valve function.

29 CFR 1910.134(g)
64
Use of Respirators

• If an employee wears corrective glasses or
  goggles or other personal protective equipment,
  such equipment must be worn in a manner that does
  not interfere with the seal of the facepiece to
  the face of the user.
• For all tight-fitting respirators, a user seal
  check must be preformed each time they put on the
  respirator.

29 CFR 1910.134(g)
65
User Seal Check

• Positive pressure check.
• Close off the exhalation valve and exhale gently
  into the facepiece.
• The face fit is considered satisfactory if a
  slight positive pressure can be built up inside
  the facepiece without any evidence of outward
  leakage of air at the seal.
• For most respirators this method of leak testing
  requires the wearer to first remove the
  exhalation valve cover before closing off the
  exhalation valve and then carefully replacing it
  after the test.

29 CFR 1910.134 Appendix B
66
User Seal Check

• Negative pressure check.
• Close off the inlet opening of the canister or
  cartridge(s) by covering with the palm of the
  hand(s) or by replacing the filter seal(s),
  inhale gently so that the facepiece collapses
  slightly, and hold the breath for ten seconds.
• The design of the inlet opening of some
  cartridges cannot be effectively covered with the
  palm of the hand. The test can be performed by
  covering the inlet opening of the cartridge with
  a thin latex or nitrile glove.
• If the facepiece remains in its slightly
  collapsed condition and no inward leakage of air
  is detected, the tightness of the respirator is
  considered satisfactory.

29 CFR 1910.134 Appendix B
67
Maintenance and Care of Respirators

• All respirator users will be provided with a
  respirator that is clean, sanitary, and in good
  working order.
• The respirators shall be cleaned and disinfected
  at the following intervals
• Assigned respirators
• Ccleaned and disinfected as often as necessary to
  be maintained in a sanitary condition
• Multi user respirators
• Cleaned and disinfected before being worn by
  different individuals
• Respirators maintained for emergency use shall be
  cleaned and disinfected after each use and

29 CFR 1910.134(h)
68
Maintenance and Care of Respirators

• Respirators must be inspected as follows
• All respirators used in routine situations shall
  be inspected before each use and during cleaning
• All respirators maintained for use in emergency
  situations shall be inspected at least monthly
  and in accordance with the manufacturer's
  recommendations, and shall be checked for proper
  function before and after each use and
• Emergency escape-only respirators shall be
  inspected before being carried into the workplace
  for use.

29 CFR 1910.134(h)
69
Maintenance and Care of Respirators

• Respirator inspections must include the
  following
• A check of respirator function, tightness of
  connections, and the condition of the various
  parts and
• A check of elastomeric parts for pliability and
  signs of deterioration
• All self-contained breathing apparatus shall be
  inspected monthly.
• All regulators and warning devices must function
  properly.

29 CFR 1910.134(h)
70
Breathing Air Quality and Use

• All compressed air, compressed oxygen, liquid
  air, and liquid oxygen used for respiration must
  meet the following specifications
• Compressed and liquid oxygen shall be medical or
  breathing oxygen and
• Compressed breathing air shall meet at least the
  requirements for Type 1-Grade D breathing.
• Oxygen concentrations greater than 23.5 must be
  used only in equipment designed for oxygen
  service or distribution.

29 CFR 1910.134(i)
71
Identification of Filters, Cartridges, and
Canisters

• All filters, cartridges and canisters used in the
  workplace must be and remain labeled and color
  coded with the NIOSH approval label.

29 CFR 1910.134(j)
72
Training and Information

• Training must cover at least the following
• Why the respirator is necessary and the dangers
  of improper fit, usage, or maintenance
• What the limitations and capabilities of the
  respirator are
• How to use the respirator effectively in
  emergency situations
• How to inspect, put on and remove, use, and check
  the seals of the respirator
• What the procedures are for maintenance and
  storage of the respirator
• How to recognize medical signs and symptoms that
  may limit the effective use of respirators and
• The general requirements of this section.

29 CFR 1910.134(k)
73
Training and Information

• Retraining shall be administered annually, and
  when the following situations occur
• Changes in the workplace or the type of
  respirator render previous training obsolete
• Inadequacies in the employee's knowledge or use
  of the respirator indicate that the employee has
  not retained the requisite understanding or
  skill or
• Any other situation arises in which retraining
  appears necessary to ensure safe respirator use.

29 CFR 1910.134(k)
74
Training and Information

• The basic advisory information on respirators, as
  presented in Appendix D of this section, shall be
  provided by the employer in any written or oral
  format, to employees who wear respirators when
  such use is not required by this program.

29 CFR 1910.134(k)
75
Protective Work Clothing and Equipment

• Where a hazard is present or is likely to be
  present from skin or eye contact with chromium
  (VI)
• Provide appropriate personal protective clothing
  and equipment at no cost to employees, and
• Ensure that employees use such clothing and
  equipment.

29 CFR 1926.1126(g)
76
Removal and Storage

• All protective clothing and equipment
  contaminated with chromium (VI) must be
• Removed at the end of the work shift or at the
  completion of their tasks, whichever comes first
• Stored and transported in sealed, properly
  labeled, impermeable bags or other closed,
  impermeable containers.

29 CFR 1926.1126(g)
77
Removal and Storage

• No employees may remove chromium
  (VI)-contaminated protective clothing or
  equipment from the workplace, except for those
  employees whose job it is to launder, clean,
  maintain, or dispose of such clothing or
  equipment.

29 CFR 1926.1126(g)
78
Cleaning and Replacement

• All protective clothing and equipment required by
  this section shall be cleaned, laundered,
  repaired and replaced as needed to maintain its
  effectiveness.
• The removal of chromium (VI) from protective
  clothing and equipment by blowing, shaking, or
  any other means that disperses chromium (VI) into
  the air or onto an employee's body is prohibited.

29 CFR 1926.1126(g)
79
Hygiene Areas and Practices

• Where protective clothing and equipment is
  required, the employer shall provide change
  rooms.
• Separate storage for contaminated and clean
  clothes
• Where skin contact with chromium (VI) occurs, the
  employer shall provide washing facilities
• Such facilities shall be in near proximity to the
  worksite and shall be so equipped as to enable
  employees to remove such substances. MUST BE
  WATER BASED CLEANING SYSTEM.
• Washing facilities shall be maintained in a
  sanitary condition.
• Use of these facilities when necessary shall be
  enforced.

29 CFR 1926.1126(h)
80
Eating and Drinking Areas

• Eating and drinking areas and surfaces must be
  maintained as free as practicable of chromium
  (VI).
• Employees must not enter eating and drinking
  areas with protective work clothing or equipment
  unless surface chromium (VI) has been removed.

29 CFR 1926.1126(h)
81
Prohibited Activities

• Employees must not eat, drink, smoke, chew
  tobacco or gum, or apply cosmetics in areas where
  skin or eye contact with chromium (VI) occurs or
• Carry the products associated with these
  activities, or store such products in these areas.

29 CFR 1926.1126(h)
82
Medical Surveillance

• Medical surveillance must be made available at no
  cost to the employee, and at a reasonable time
  and place, for all employees
• Who are or may be occupationally exposed to
  chromium (VI) at or above the action level for 30
  or more days a year
• Experiencing signs or symptoms associated with
  chromium (VI) exposure or
• Exposed in an emergency.

29 CFR 1926.1126(i)
83
Medical Surveillance

• Medical examination provided
• Within 30 days after initial assignment, a
  Physician or other Licensed Health Care
  Professionals (PLHCP's) written recommendation,
  or exposure during an emergency
• Annually

29 CFR 1926.1126(i)
84
Medical Surveillance

• Medical examination provided
• Whenever there are signs or symptoms of the
  adverse health effects
• At the termination of employment, unless the last
  examination that satisfied the requirements of
  paragraph (i) of this section was less than six
  months prior to the date of termination.

29 CFR 1926.1126(i)
85
Medical Surveillance

• A medical examination consists of
• A medical and work history
• A physical examination of the skin and
  respiratory tract.
• The employer shall obtain a written medical
  opinion from the PLHCP within 30 days.

29 CFR 1926.1126(i)
86
Information to PLHCP

• Copy of standard
• Description of employees duties of exposure
• Employees former, current and anticipated levels
  of exposure
• PPE used and duration of use
• Information from records of employment related
  medical examinations

29 CFR 1926.1126(i)
87
PLHCPs Written Medical Opinion

• A medical examination consists of
• A medical and work history
• A physical examination of the skin and
  respiratory tract.
• The employer shall obtain a written medical
  opinion from the PLHCP within 30 days.

29 CFR 1926.1126(i)
88
PLHCPs Written Medical Opinion

• Employer shall obtain written opinion within 30
  days containing
• Any detected conditions placing employee at
  increased risk of material impairment from Cr6
  exposure
• Limitations of exposure or use of PPE
• Statement that Physician or other Licensed Health
  Care Professionals (PLHCPs) explained results
  of exam to employee
• Employer shall provide copy to employee within 2
  weeks

29 CFR 1926.1126(i)
89
Communication of Hazards

• The employer shall ensure that each employee can
  demonstrate knowledge of at least the following
• The contents of this section and
• The purpose and a description of the medical
  surveillance program.

29 CFR 1926.1126(j)
90
Communication of Hazards

• 29 CFR 1910.1200(h)
• (1) Employers shall provide employees with
  effective information and training on hazardous
  chemicals in their work area at the time of their
  initial assignment, and whenever a new physical
  or health hazard the employees have not
  previously been trained about is introduced into
  their work area.
• Information and training may be designed to cover
  categories of hazards (e.g., flammability,
  carcinogenicity) or specific chemicals.
  Chemical-specific information must always be
  available through labels and material safety data
  sheets.

29 CFR 1926.1126(j)
91
Communication of Hazards

• 29 CFR 1910.1200(h)
• (2) "Information." Employees shall be informed
  of
• (i) The requirements of this section
• (ii) Any operations in their work area where
  hazardous chemicals are present and,
• (iii) The location and availability of the
  written hazard communication program, including
  the required list(s) of hazardous chemicals, and
  material safety data sheets required by this
  section.

29 CFR 1926.1126(j)
92
Communication of Hazards

• 29 CFR 1910.1200(h)
• (3) "Training." Employee training shall include
  at least
• (i) Methods and observations that may be used to
  detect the presence or release of a hazardous
  chemical in the work area
• (ii) The physical and health hazards of the
  chemicals in the work area

29 CFR 1926.1126(j)
93
Communication of Hazards

• 29 CFR 1910.1200(h)
• (3) "Training." Employee training shall include
  at least
• (iii) The measures employees can take to protect
  themselves from these hazards, including specific
  procedures the employer has implemented to
  protect employees from exposure to hazardous
  chemicals, such as appropriate work practices,
  emergency procedures, and personal protective
  equipment to be used and,
• (iv) The details of the hazard communication
  program developed by the employer, including an
  explanation of the labeling system and the
  material safety data sheet, and how employees can
  obtain and use the appropriate hazard
  information.

94
Recordkeeping

• Record to include at least the following
  information
• The date of measurement
• The operation involved
• Sampling and analytical methods used and evidence
  of their accuracy
• Number, duration, and the results of samples
  taken
• Type of personal protective equipment used and
• Name, social security number, and job
  classification of all employees represented by
  the monitoring, indicating which employees were
  actually monitored.

29 CFR 1926.1126(k)
95
Recordkeeping

• Each employee exposure record shall be preserved
  and maintained for at least thirty (30) years.

29 CFR 1926.1126(k)
96
Dates

• For employers with 20 or more employees, all
  obligations of this section, except engineering
  controls required by paragraph (e) of this
  section, commence November 27, 2006.
• For employers with 19 or fewer employees, all
  obligations of this section, except engineering
  controls required by paragraph (e) of this
  section, commence May 30, 2007.
• For all employers, engineering controls required
  by paragraph (e) of this section shall be
  implemented no later than May 31, 2010.

29 CFR 1926.1126(l)