Biologists

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Biologists Aristotle Embryology Four causes 1)
Material 2)Efficient 3) Formal 4) Teleological.
Example building a house or an embryo. Darwin
Evolution by means of Natural Selection- removed
the teleological causation. Archetype became the
ancestor Mendel Heredity-removed the use disuse
Lamarckian heredity of Darwin
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• Origin of Life and Cosmology
• 1) Ancient Cosmology and Philosophy
• 2) Modern Cosmology and Chemistry

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orphic cosmology Cosmic Egg (phanes)
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Embryological Analogies in Pre-Socratic
Cosmogony (Baldry. R.C (1932) Classical
Quarterly XXVI p27-34) Anaximander - 610-546
B.C. -a germ,pregnant with hot and cold, was
separated off from the boundless, wherepon out of
this a sphere of fire grew around the vapor that
surrounds the earth, like a bark around a tree .
Origin of Life Life arose from mud when
exposed to sunlight
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Pre-Socratic Cosmologies Thales-Water Anaximenes-
Air Heraclitus-Fire Empedocles Fire, Air, Water,
Earth ( Attraction and Repulsion)
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Plato 427-347 BC
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• Platos Cosmology
• Plato - Creation by a Demiurge from a chaotic
  receptacle. His model of the cosmos came from the
  immortal world of archetypes or ideas. He then
  posed the problem of how many circular movements
  it would take to model the motion of the
  planets.
• Platos Atomism
• The birth of physics

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• Aristotles Cosmology
• Aristotle The Cosmos was Eternal . However the
  Cosmos was split into a superlunar portion (above
  the moon) where the Cosmos was Platonic and
  filled with circular movements of the planets and
  Sublunar portion ( below the moon) which was
  where the motions were a mixture of linear
  movements and circular movements of meteorlogy
  driven by the heat of the sun and the cycle of
  birth and death.
• Qualitative Physics
• Fire, Air, Water, Earth based on the Hot,
  Cold,Wet and Dry inhering in prime matter.
• Embryology Form and Matter

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Aristotle 384-322 B.C
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William Ogle translated Aristotles On the Parts
of Animals and sent the translation to Darwin
who responded as follows I had a high notion of
Aristotles merits but I had not the remotest
notion what a wonderful man he was. Linnaeus and
Cuvier have been my two gods,though in very
different ways, but they were mere schoolboys to
old Aristotle (1882) Darwin died two months
after this letter was written
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For it is not a fact that when an animal is
formed at that moment a human being, or a horse,
or any other particular sort of animal is formed,
because the end or completion is formed last of
all, and that which is peculiar to each thing is
the end of its process of formation. Aristotle
Generation of Animals II iii
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As for simultaneous formation of parts,our senses
tell us plainly this does not happen some parts
are clearly to be seen present in the embryo
while others are not. Aristotle Generation of
Animals II i
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The four Athenian Schools 1 Platonists 2
Aristotelians 3 Stoics 4. Epicurean (Atomism)
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Plotinus 205-270 A.D
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Plotinus Synthesized a philosophy from Plato,
Aristotle, and the Stoics. One (Plato) emanated
Nous (Aristotle) emanated the World Soul
(Stoics) World Soul filled the visible world
with Logoi Spermatikoi (Seminal Principles) or
individual souls. Final Formulation of the Great
Chain of Being
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Saint Augustine 354-430 A.D Botticelli
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What was God doing before he made heaven and
earth? Augustines reply was He was preparing
hells for people who inquire into
profundities. Confessions XI xii
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Augustinian theory of Seminal Principles In order
to explain God having created everything new
beings were still being produced within nature,
Augustine had recourse to this notion of Stoic
origin, which he had perhaps found in
Plotinus. The Life Sciences in
Eighteenth-century French Thought Jacques
Roger Stanford University Press
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William Harvey 1578-1657 A.D
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This motion (of blood) we may be allowed to call
circular, in the same way as Aristotle says that
the air and the rain emulate the circular motion
of the superior bodies for the moist earth,
warmed by the sun, evaporates the vapours drawn
upwards are condensed, and descending in the form
of rain, moisten the earth again. By this
arrangement are generations of living things
produced and in like manner are tempests and
meteors engendered by the circular motion, and by
the approach and recession of the sun.
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Omne vivum ex Ovo Out of the egg come all living
beings He coined the term epigenesis
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History of Animals book 5 chapter 1 (539a) Some
spring from parent animals according to their
kind, whilst others grow spontaneously and not
from kindred stock and of these instances of
spontaneous generation some come from putrefying
earth or vegetable matter, as is the case with a
number of insects, while others are spontaneously
generated in the inside of animals out of the
secretions of their several organs.
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Redi 1626-1698
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Aristotle and Aquinas had gradually given way to
Plato, Augustine and mechanism. Preexistent germs
become the only possible explanation for
spontaneous generation The Life Sciences in
Eighteenth-century French Thought Jacques
Roger Stanford University Press
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Charles Bonnet 1720-1793 A.D.
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Albrecht von Haller 1708-1777 A.D.
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Maupertuis 1698-1759 A.D
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In this obscurity in which we find ourselves
concerning the fetuss creation from the mixture
of two fluids, we come upon certain facts. When
silver, spirits of niter, mercury, and water are
mixed together, the various particles of these
substances arrange themselves in a pattern so
similar to that of a tree, that the result is
called the Arbor Dianae arborescent silver.
Since the discovery of this admirable
vegetation, many others have been found. One of
them, of which iron is the basic metal, imitates
a tree so completely that not only are trunk,
branches, roots, to be seen, but leaves and fruit
as well. What a miracle it would seem if such
vegetation were created out of sight! Familiarity
lessens the miraculous character of most of
natures phenomena. Maupertuis The Earthly Venus
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Buffon 1707-1788 A.D
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John Turnbull Needham 1713-1781
During the eighteenth century, the French
naturalist Georges Buffon and the English
microscopist John Turbeville Needham carried out
a series of experiments that seemed to support
the doctrine of spontaneous generation, but their
conclusions and experimental methods were
challenged by the Italian physiologist Lazzaro
Spallanzani. After conducting a series of
rigorous experiments on the growth of
microorganisms, Spallanzani vigorously challenged
the belief in spontaneous generation. Spallanzani
claimed that Needham had not heated his tubes
enough and that he had not sealed them properly
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1729-1799
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Pasteur 1822-1895 A.D
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Modern Theory of Causation and compared to
Aristotles Theory of Causation 1 Material
Cause electrons quarks neutrinos 2 Efficient
Cause photon W-bosons Gluons 3 Formal Cause
Symmetry 4 Teleological Cause ? Anthropic
Cosmological Principles
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If, in some cataclysm, all of scientific
knowledge were to be destroyed, and only one
sentence passed on to the next generation of
creatures, what statement would contain the most
information in the fewest words? I believe it is
the atomic hypothesis thatAll things are made
of atoms-little particles that that move around
in perpetual motion, attracting each other when
they are a little distance apart, but repelling
upon being squeezed into one another.In that
one sentence, you will see, there is an enormous
amount  of information about the world, if just a
little imagination and thinking are applied.
Feynman 1918-1988
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