Answering Questions

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Answering Questions
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The responsibilities of the Persuasive speaker

1. To say something worth hearing (sound
   information).
2. To say something that can be heard (clear
   organization).
3. To say something that will be heard (audience
   engagement).
4. To answer all the audience's reasonable doubts
   objections.

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The 3 Big Questions your audience is always going
to ask.

• What's the problem? Why do we need to change?
• What's the plan? What exactly do we need to do?
• Is it practical? Will the plan solve the
  problem? What other costs benefits does it
  have?

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The 3 Basic Answers you can give in reply.

1. Logos
2. Ethos
3. Pathos

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To answer their questions, your audience can
rely...
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Ethos
Which hat will you wear?
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Are appeals to emotion (pathos) ethical?
Studies of brain-damaged patients show that
people without emotions have severe deficiencies
in social and practical decision-making.
Dr. Antonio Damasio
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• School A
• Lower cost
• More active social life
• Better career counseling
• Better study abroad
• Better foreign languages
• Nicer campus
• Outstanding research faculty
• Excellent alumni network
• More prestigious
• Bigger
• More diverse
• More volunteerism
• Better athletic facilities

• School B
• Closer to home
• Better financial aid
• Better extracurricular activities
• Good major
• Friends going there
• Outstanding teaching faculty
• Recommended by teachers
• Smaller
• Early admission
• Nicer dorms
• Higher graduation rates
• Better football team
• Fewer required courses

Which one feels right?!
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Basic methods for establishing logos, ethos,
pathos.
Type of appeal Type of evidence
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For example...

• In my speech, to demonstrate one Problem with
  driving, I used

Statistics
Expert
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Summary of all methods.

• Logos
• Statistics
• Specific instances
• Principle
• Causal
• Analogical

• Ethos
• Expert testimony
• Personal competence
• Common ground
• Deliver with conviction

• Pathos
• Examples
• Emotional language
• Deliver with conviction

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The Persuasion analysis questions.
Let's try it out
13. Identify two distinct methods the speaker
uses in the body of the speech to enhance his/her
credibility appeals (ethos). 14. Identify two
distinct methods of reasoning the speaker uses in
the body of the speech to enhance his/her logical
appeals (logos). 15. Identify two distinct
methods the speaker uses in the body of the
speech to enhance his/her emotional appeals
(pathos).

• 1-8. As for the Informative Speech.
• 9. What specific claim(s) does the speaker make
  on the Problem (Need) Issue? How does the
  speaker support his/her claim(s)?
• 10. What specific actions is the speaker calling
  for in his/her claims on the Plan Issue? How
  does the speaker support his/her claim that the
  Plan will solve the Problem?
• 11. What specific claim(s) does the speaker make
  on the Practicality Issue? How does the speaker
  support his/her claim(s)? Identify one objection
  to Practicality that the audience is likely to
  make, which the speaker has not dealt with in the
  speech.
• 12. What is the least credible Source cited by
  the speaker? Why isn't it credible?
• 13. Identify two distinct methods the speaker
  uses in the body of the speech to enhance his/her
  credibility appeals (ethos).
• 14. Identify two distinct methods of reasoning
  the speaker uses in the body of the speech to
  enhance his/her logical appeals (logos).
• 15. Identify two distinct methods the speaker
  uses in the body of the speech to enhance his/her
  emotional appeals (pathos).
• 16. Identify and evaluate one use of expert
  testimony in the speech.
• 17. Identify and evaluate one use of statistics
  in the speech.

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How to answer exam questions.
"13. Identify two distinct methods the speaker
uses in the body of the speech to enhance his/her
credibility appeals (ethos)."
Refer to a specific passage!
Explain its relevance!
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Rule of thumb for creating your policy persuasive
speech.

• In general, for every claim you make about
  Problem, Plan, or Practicality you should use at
  least
• one set of statistics
• one piece of expert testimony
• one vivid example

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Continue to develop your appeals by imagining
your audience's questions and answering them in
advance.
"Antonio Damasio says emotion is good!"
So what? Who is he, anyhow?
"Dr. Antonio Damasio, Director of the Brain
Creativity Institute at the University of
Southern California, author of three books and
numerous articles on the neurology of emotions,
has pointed out that...."
Ethos
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Continuing to answer the audience's questions...
Ethos Expert testimony
So what? Who is that, anyhow?
Logos Statistics
So what? How much is that, really?
Pathos Example
What happened? Fill me in on the details!
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Threes
Three questions

1. What's the problem?
2. What's your plan?
3. Is it practical?

Three answers

1. Logos
2. Ethos
3. Pathos

• Statistics
• Experts
• Examples

Three forms of support
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Midterm reminders

• Required outside speech observation
• Bonus possibilities
• Opportunities to develop course skills outside
  the classroom setting
• See WebCT "Regular Bonus Assignments " for a
  complete list
• Most due no later than Friday, 25 April (end of
  14th week)
• Note Classroom plus bonus points capped at 230
  (110).

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Coming up

• Wednesday Lab--practice what you've learned.
• Friday Lecture Further exam prep the
  presidential campaign
• BREAK!
• Monday after break Researching the Persuasive
  Speech assignment due (WebCT)
• Wednesday after break Test 2.