Generating new variables and manipulating data with STATA

1
Generating new variables and manipulating data
with STATA

• Biostatistics 212
• Lecture 3

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Housekeeping

• Lab 1 handed back today
• Think of red ink as teaching points, not
  penalties
• Do and Log files
• Understand each command!
• Order them appropriately

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The .do file template
cd C\data\biostat212\ version 11 set more
off clear set memory 10m capture log
close log using name of your log.log,
replace / here are my comments / use name
of your dataset, clear summarize this browse
that tabulate this log close set more on

• Tell STATA where to look for things and where to
  put things
• Run correct version of Stata
• Stop STATA from prompting you to push a button to
  continue
• Tell STATA to clear any datasets in memory and
  increase its mem capacity
• Since your do file may not be perfect, tell STATA
  to close any logs that are open when you try to
  run your do file
• Tell STATA to create a log of your output for you
  and what youre going to call that log. Tell it
  to overwrite it each time
• Stick in some comments to remind you what this do
  file is for
• Tell STATA what dataset to work on
• Leave some SPACE for putting in analysis commands
  you want to keep
• Lastly, tell STATA to close the log and go back
  to its usual more mode

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New issues

• vs.
• Other?

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Today...

• What we did in Lab 1, and why it was unrealistic
• What does data cleaning mean?
• Importing data into Stata
• How to generate a variable
• How to manipulate the data in your new variable
• How to label variables and otherwise document
  your work
• Examples

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Last time

• What was unrealistic?

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Last time

• What was unrealistic?
• The dataset came as a Stata .dta file

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Last time

• What was unrealistic?
• The dataset came as a Stata .dta file
• The variables were ready to analyze

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Last time

• What was unrealistic?
• The dataset came as a Stata .dta file
• The variables were ready to analyze
• Most variables were labeled

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Last time

• i.e. The data was clean

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How your data will arrive

• On paper forms
• In a text file (comma or tab delimited)
• In Excel
• In Access
• In another data format (SAS, etc)

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Importing into Stata

• Options
• Copy and Paste
• insheet, infile, fdause, other flexible Stata
  commands
• A convenience program like Stat/Transfer

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Importing into Stata

• Make sure it worked
• Look at the data

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Importing into Stata

• Demo neonatal opiate withdrawal data
• Import with cut and paste from Excel
• Import with insheet (save as .csv file first)

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Exploring your data

• Figure out what all those variables mean
• Options
• Browse, describe, summarize, list in STATA
• Refer to a data dictionary
• Refer to a data collection form
• Guess, or ask the person who gave it to you

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Exploring your data

• Demo Neonatal opiate withdrawal data

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Exploring your data

• Demo Neonatal opiate withdrawal data
• Problems arise
• Sex is m/f, not 1/0
• Gestational age has nonsense values (0, 60)
• Breastfeeding has a bunch of weird text values
• Drug variables coded y or blank
• Many variable names are obscure

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Cleaning your data

• You must clean your data so it is ready to
  analyze.

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Cleaning your data

• What does the variable measure?
• rename and/or label var so its clear
• Find nonsense values and outliers
• recode as missing or track down real value?
• Deal with missing values
• Too many values missing in some subjects? Coding
  consistent?
• drop variable or observation?
• Categorize as needed
• generate a new numeric variable
• recode (dichotomous variables coded as 1/0,
  watch missing values)
• label define and then label values
• Check
• tab oldvar newvar, missing
• bysort catvar sum contvar

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Cleaning your data

• The importance of documentation
• Retracing your steps
• Document every step using a do file

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Data cleaningBasic skill 1 Making a new
variable

• Creating new variables
• generate newvar expression

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Data cleaningBasic skill 1 Making a new
variable

• Creating new variables
• generate newvar expression
• An expression can be
• A number (constant) - generate allzeros 0
• A variable - generate ageclone age
• A function - generate agesqrt sqrt(age)

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Data cleaningBasic skill 2 Manipulating values
of a variable

• Changing the values of a variable
• replace var exp if boolean_expression
• A boolean expression evaluates to true or false
  for each observation

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Data cleaningBasic skill 2 Manipulating values
of a variable

• Examples
• generate bmi weight/(height2)
• generate male 0
• replace male 1 if sexmale
• generate ageover50 0
• replace ageover 50 1 if agegt50
• generate complexvar age
• replace complexvar (ln(age)3)
• if (agegt30 male1) (othervar1gtothervar2)

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Data cleaningBasic skill 2 Manipulating values
of a variable

• Logical operators for boolean expressions
• English Stata
• Equal to
• Not equal to !,
• Greater than gt
• Greater than/equal to gt
• Less than lt
• Less than/equal to lt
• And
• Or

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Data cleaningBasic skill 2 Manipulating values
of a variable

• Mathematical operators
• English Stata
• Add
• Subtract -
• Multiply
• Divide /
• To the power of
• Natural log of ln(expression)
• Base 10 log of log10(expression)
• Etcetera

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Data cleaningBasic skill 2 Manipulating values
of a variable

• Another way to manipulate data
• recode var oldvalue1newvalue1 oldvalue2newvalue
  2 if boolean_expression
• More complicated, but more flexible command than
  replace

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Data cleaningBasic skill 2 Manipulating values
of a variable

• Examples
• generate male 0
• recode male 01 if sexmale
• generate female male
• recode female 10 01

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Data cleaningBasic skill 2 Manipulating values
of a variable

• Examples
• generate raceethnic race
• recode raceethnic 16 if ethnichispanic
• (replace raceethnic 6 if ethnichispanic
  race1)
• generate tertilescac cac
• recode tertilescac min/541 55/822 83/max3

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Data cleaningBasic skill 3 Getting rid of
variables/observations

• Getting rid of a variable
• drop var
• Getting rid of observations
• drop if boolean_expression

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Data cleaningBasic skill 4 Labeling things

• You can label
• A dataset label data label
• A variable label var varname label
• Values of a variable (2-step process)
• label define labelname value1 label1 value2
  value2
• label values varname labelname
• label define caccatlabel 0 0 1 1-100 2
  101-400 3 gt400
• label values caccat caccatlabel

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Data cleaningBasic skill 5 Dealing with missing
values

• Missing values are important, easy to forget
• . for numbers
• for text
• tab var1 var2, missing
• Watch the total n for tab, summarize commands,
  regression analyses, etc.

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Data cleaning

• Demo Neonatal opiate withdrawal data

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Cleaning your data

• What does the variable measure?
• rename or label var so its clear
• Find nonsense values and outliers
• recode as missing or track down real value?
• Deal with missing values
• Too many? Coding consistent?
• drop variable or observation?
• Categorize as needed
• generate a new numeric variable
• recode (dichotomous variables coded as 1/0,
  watch missing values)
• label define and then label values
• Check
• tab oldvar newvar, missing
• bysort catvar sum contvar

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Data cleaning

• At the end of the day you have
• 1 raw data file, original format
• 1 raw data file, Stata format
• 1 do file that cleans it up
• 1 log file that documents the cleaning
• 1 clean data file, Stata format

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Summary

• Data cleaning
• ALWAYS necessary to some extent
• ALWAYS use a do file
• NEVER overwrite original data
• Check your work
• Watch out for missing values
• Label as much as you can

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Lab this week

• Its long
• Its hard
• Its important
• Email lab to your section leaders email
• Due at the beginning of lecture next week

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Preview of next week

• Using Excel
• What is it good for?
• Formulas
• Designing a good spreadsheet
• Formatting