PROTOPLASM

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PROTOPLASM

• Building material
• Suspension substance that makes up the physical
  basis of all living things

• Carries on the process of
• Metabolism
• Synthesizes protein
• Produce energy
• Reception of food and oxygen
• Processes food and oxygen
• Eliminates waste products

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MACROMOLECULES/organic compounds

• Proteins
• lipids
• carbohydrates
• nucleic acids

• These are organic materials that are life
  supporting and are in the cells of the human body

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PROTEIN

• 15
• building block (amino acids)
• Order of these blocks determine the function of
  the protein molecule which in turn gives the cell
  its characteristic
• builds new tissue
• repairs
• Source of heat and energy

• makes up antibodies
• hormones
• ENZYME CONTROL
• controls speed of chemical reaction (release
  energy from fat)

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LIPIDS

• 2
• non water soluble
• stores energy
• component of cell membrane
• protects against cold/heat

• Assists in digestive process
• component of hormones

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CARBS

• 1
• cell energy
• releases large amounts of energy when bonds are
  broken thru metabolism
• Three classifications of carbs
• monosaccharides-glucose
• disaccharides- sucrose
• polysaccharids- starch

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NUCLEIC ACIDS

• 1 of the cell
• Blueprint
• DNA-nuclear command/control/reproduction info
• RNA- in nucleus and cytoplasm
• messengers or transfer agents

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CHROMOSOMES

• Composed of____________
• Humans have a total of _________chromosomes or
  ________pairs
• DNA is divided into segments called________
• The total amount of genetic material contained in
  a human chromosome is called the _______
  __________
• The process of gene identification is
  called______
• A karyotype is a gene map

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INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
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WATER

• 80
• delivers energy to target molecule
• contributes to radiation effects

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Chemical component of cell

• Protoplasm
• Organic compound
• Inorganic compound
• Suspended in water
• water is 70-80 of protoplasm

• Water
• transports substances
• temp. buffer

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WATER

• 70-85 in cell
• holds and transports
• temp. buffer
• most chemical activity occur in water in cell
• Osmosis
• osmotic pressurepotassium and sodium and water

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H2O and Inorganic compound

• Osmosis-moving substances(water) inside and
  outside of cell
• too little sodium inside or too much potassium
  outside cell will collapse-hypertonic

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H2O and Inorganic compound

• too much sodium inside or too little potassium
  outside cell will swell-
• hypotonic

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CELL STRUCTURE

• Cytoplasm
• nucleus
• organelles

• Both filled with protoplasm

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Cell Structures

• cell membrane
• Ribosomes
• Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Mitochondria

• skin
• Synthesize the proteins
• interconnecting tubules (nucleus and cytoplasm
• source of energy

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CYTOPLASM

• Golgi apparatus
• Liposomes

• Collects molecules produced in one part of
  cell-modifies and distributes to other parts of
  cell.
• Recycles proteins,carbs, lipids from old
  organelles

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NUCLEUS OF CELL

• Brain
• nuclear envelope (membrane)
• chromosomes
• genes
• nucleolus

• Genetic/metabolic info
• separates from cytoplasm
• protein and DNA
• Large amount of RNA held here

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Anatomy of a Cell
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CELLS SPECIALIZE IN ACTIVITIES
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• Tissue
• Organs
• System
• Organism

• Group of cells-same activity
• group of tissues-specific functions
• group of organs
• Human body

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CELL PROLIFERATION
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Somatic

• Non-reproductive
• mitosis
• interphase
• period of growth between division
• G1-where cell grows
• S phase- DNA replicated of chromosomes doubled
• G2-organelles reproducedchromatids reproduce

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• Prophase
• Metaphase in terms of radiographic exposure-most
  sensitive stage. Also where the radiation damage
  can be assessed
• Anaphase
• Telophase

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Germ - meiosis

• Process of reduction meiosis as germ cells begin
  with 46 chromosomes from the male (sperm) and
  female (ova) but must be reduced in half
  Malignant-abnormal division
• More chromatin (contains genetic material)
• Increased rate of nuclear material to cytoplasm

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GERM CELLS

• Reproductive
• meiosis
• 2 divisions
• -2 cells with diploid somatic
• -divide again with haploid