Nutrition

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Promoting Health in Care Practice

• Nutrition
• (Early age to Adolescence)

Presented by Students 12160871281747 1285441
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Nutrition for young children up to Adolescents

• Introduction
• Background
• How do people perceive Health?
• Evidence that nutritional problems exist within
  this group

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Evidence

• Sex and Race/Ethnicity Milk intake

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Evidence

• Sex and Race/Ethnicity Fruit Vegetables

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Evidence

• Sex and Age Micro-nutrients intake

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Health inequalities

• Social class health inequalities
• Material deprivation
• Cultural deprivation

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Effects of Nutritional problems

• High blood cholesterol
• Osteoporosis
• Type- two diabetes
• Overweight
• Not having breakfast can affect childrens
  intellectual performance.
• Food insufficiency in children is associated with
  poor behavioural and academic functioning.
• Iron deficiency

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Effects of Nutritional problems

• More examples include poor resistance to
  infection with proneness to constipation.
• Delayed growth.
• Dental disease and decay.
• Childrens learning abilities can be affected
  because of poor concentration, tiredness or
  hyperactivity.
• Childrens behaviour can therefore be affected
  due to their lack of energy and poor
  concentration.

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Concepts of Health

• How does the following affect nutrition in the
  group young children to adolescents?
• - Culture/Ethnicity
• - Geography
• - Class
• - Age
• Sex
• (Dare, A. 2002)

Age range Males kcal Females kcal
4 6 years 1715 1545
7 10 years 1970 1740
11 14 years 2220 1850
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Health Promotion

• An important function of health promotion is the
  prevention of disease. Level of prevention of
  disease are
• Primordial prevention Prevention of health
  problem by action at the earliest stage in the
  society.( e.g. control of importing of product
  damaging to health.)
• Primary prevention Encourage good practices
  which promote health and reduce the risk of
  disease.( e.g. good diet, exercise, breastfeeding
  etc)
• Secondary prevention Action to detect early
  signs of disease (e.g. screening services) and
  take appropriate action to minimize the risk of
  permanent damage to health
• Tertiary prevention Improve quality of life by
  rehabilitation at the late stage of a disease.
  Walley J. , Wright J. Hubley J.(2001).

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Health Strategies Government Solutions
EXAMPLES OF HEALTH PROMOTION STRATEGIES FOR,
COMMUNICATION, SERVICES, IMPROVEMENT AND POLICY
Subject Communication to individuals/ communities Improvement in services Advocacy/ agenda setting for policy change
Road safety Public education on road safety Improve emergency services Road safety laws Compulsory seatbelts, improve car safety design.
Breast feeding Public education on benefits of breastfeeding. Education of husbands to support breastfeeding. Establishment of baby friendly heath facilities. Training of health workers in breastfeeding counselling. Set up antenatal classes for fathers. Control of advertising of infant Formula. International code of marketing of breast-milk substitutes.
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EXAMPLES OF HEALTH PROMOTION STRATEGIES FOR,
COMMUNICATION, SERVICE, IMPROVEMENT AND POLICY
Subject Communication to individuals/ communities Improvement in services Advocacy/ agenda setting for policy change
Lung cancer Public education to persuade people not to start smoking and smokers to stop. Establishment of stop smoking clinics. Control of tobacco advertising. Taxes on price of cigarettes. Ban on smoking in public areas.
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EXAMPLES OF HEALTH PROMOTION STRATEGIES FOR,
COMMUNICATION, SERVICE, IMPROVEMENT AND POLICY
Subject Communication to individuals/ communities Improvement in services Advocacy/ agenda setting for policy change
Obesity in children Public education to persuade people of all ages to eat health food. Parents to provide health food to their children. Public education of the benefits of health living. Provide accurate food labelling clear information to make good choice about diet. Training programmes for those who are involved in the care of children. Funding/support to the low class families who can not afford balance diet meals. Nutrition cooking skills should be compulsory part of school curriculum. Provide health meals on low price. Ban on the advertising of un-healthy food and drinks to schoolchildren. Provide sport and recreation facilities in schools and communities.
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TARGETS AND INTERVENTIONS

• The national Health School Standards recognise
  that a whole- school approach to health eating is
  effective in bring about lasting change In school
  eating habits and creating a healthier food
  culture.
• Whole- school nutrition policy encourages
  formation of school food committee made of a
  range of stakeholders such as school children,
  caterers, parents, staff , and health
  professionals to maintain healthier food culture
  in schools and promotion of health foods by
• Providing healthy foods, vending machines of
  healthy drinks.
• Target for breakfast clubs.
• Target for cooking-skills.
• Encouraging physical activities, etc.

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CONSTRAINTS/LIMITATIONS OF THE PROCESS OF
INTERVENTION

• Lack of funding to improve school meals and
  facilities.( e.g. enough vegetables and fruits,
  playing fields, school kitchen etc).
• Lack of training for people who are involved in
  promoting health in schools.
• Food poverty, affordability and access to health,
  varied food have been barriers to people on a low
  income eating health diets. (Prices of vegetables
  and fruits are very high). (www.thechildrensnutri
  tionactionplan.co.uk)

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Models within Health Promotion

• Empowerment model of health promotion Based on
  emphasising the roles between education and
  public health policy
• Principles of empowerment
• -Education
• -Involvement of practitioners
• -Access to healthcare
• -Access to information and resources
• -Choice

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Models within Health Promotion

• Medical Model
• - Place the responsibility of a healthier life on
  individuals
• Radical Model
• - Attempts to tackle unequal distribution of
  health and disease at a social rather than an
  individual level
• Social Marketing Approaches
• - Emphasise the use of commercial marketing type
  strategies, in persuading target groups to adopt
  more healthy social practices and eating habits

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Conclusion

• The WHO Constitution states that
• the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard
  of health is one of the fundamental rights of
  every human being, without distinction of race,
  religion, political belief, economic- or social
  condition
• (http//www.who.int/research)

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Conclusion

• Evaluation
• Efficiency of Government solutions Health
  Strategies

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Conclusion

• Barriers to accessing health services
• The cost of health care
• Opportunity (time)
• Accessibility
• Reliable information
• Advertising
• Quality of services

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Conclusion

• Suggestions
• -Secure access to healthy food for people
• -Access to plots where people can grow their own
  fruit and vegetables
• Promote dietary and lifestyle changes
• Empower people through education
• Lower the cost of fruit and vegetables

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References

• Books
• Adams, L, Amos, M Munro, J (2002) Promoting
  Health Politics Practice, SAGE Publications
  London
• Black, D. Townsend, P and Davidson, N. (1992)
  Inequalities in health, the Black Report,
  Harmondworth Penguin
• Dare, A (2002) A Practical Guide to Child
  Nutrition (2nd ed), Cheltenham, Nelson Thornes
  Ltd 
• Fieldhouse, P. (2002), Food and Nutrition, Nelson
  Thornes Ltd United Kingdom
• Giddens, A. (2006) Sociology, Polity Press
  Cambridge
• Insel, P.M. Roth, W.T. (2000), Core Concepts
  in Health, eighth edition, Mayfield Publishing
  Company Stanford University
• Trowler P. (1989) Sociology in Action
  Investigating Health, Welfare and Poverty.
  London. Collins Educational.
• Walley J., Wright J. and Hubley, J. (2001) Public
  Health. Oxford university press.
• British Nutrition Foundation 2004
• National Survey of Young People 2006
• National Youth Risk Behaviour Survey, 2005

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References

• Internet
• http//www.bbc.co.uk/health
• http//www.bmj.com
• http//www.nutrition.org.uk
• http//www.thebritishmedicalassociation.co.uk
• http//www.thechildrensnutrionactionplan.co.uk
• http//www.who.int/research
• http//www.wikipedia.org
•  

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