Chapter 10S Work Measurement

1
Chapter 10S Work Measurement

• Work measurement, Standards

2
Work Study Measurement

• Motion Study
• Frank Gilbreth, early 1900s
• Use of standards
• Valuation of inventory
• Determination of Cost of Goods Sold
• Resource planning
• Scheduling work
• Performance measurement and appraisal
• Incentive programs

3
Ways of Setting Standards

• Time study direct observation, stopwatch, film
• Work sampling random checks
• Predetermined standards basic motions
• Standard operations common tasks
• Historical data
• Expert opinion

4
Time Study

• Timing a workers performance
• Tools
• Observation stopwatch and clipboard
• Film, video
• PDA and spreadsheets
• Steps to take
• Define task
• Break into elements
• Determine amount of measurement
• Time and record elements and set standards
• Misuse and difficulties

5
Work Sampling

• Take random slices of time
• Observe task being performed
• Calculate of time spent on each task
• Less opportunity for manipulation
• Less interference with work
• Importance of randomness and representative
  samples
• Less accurate than time studies

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Source Heizer Render Work Sampling Example
Startup/pep talk 3

• Assembly-Line
• Employees

Breaks and lunch 10
Dead time between tasks 13
Unscheduled tasks and downtime 4
Productive work 67
Cleanup 3
7
Predetermined Standards

• Break work into small elements
• Can be done apart from workplace
• Methods-Time Measurement (MTM)
• Developed by Maynard, Schwab, and Stegemerten,
  working at Westinghouse in the 1940s
• Use film, video, other techniques to set
• Record in tables for later use

8
Standard Operations

• Determine standards for common tasks
• Example data entry
• Maintain tables of data
• Misuse
• Speedup
• Subtle differences in what may seem to be common
  operations

9
Historical data

• Relies on past performance records
• Often use averages of several jobs
• Difficulties
• Data may be inaccurate
• Allows for sliding performance
• Easy to apply but not reliable

10
Expert Opinion

• Use only when an activity is new and no other
  method is available
• Imprecise but can serve as a starting point