GLG110 Geologic Disasters and the Environment

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GLG110 Geologic Disasters and the Environment
Today Finishing Global climate change Chapter 16
Instructor Professor Ramon Arrowsmith Email
ramon.arrowsmith_at_asu.edu Office PSF-640
480-965-3541
TA Tom Foltz Email Thomas.foltz_at_asu.edu Office
PSH-574
Course Website http//glg110.asu.edu
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Announcements

• Test on Thursday
• Study guide available at
• http//glg110.asu.edu/Exams/GLG110Exam3Review.html
  

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Global temperature changes
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Temperature change and CO2 (Keller, 2002)
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Range of predicted warming
Keller, 2002
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Disaster of the day El Nino growing
http//arizonasnowbowl.com/
State ski areas eagerly await snow,
crowds Michael Kiefer Special for The Republic
Nov. 24, 2002 1200 AM The rain was just turning
to snow over Arizona Snowbowl's new sun deck at
9,500 feet, and J.R. Murray, the ski area's
manager, was turning up his jacket collar to keep
it off his neck. This was the fourth winter storm
to dump on the San Francisco Peaks by the first
week in November. The lower slopes were still
grassy with intermittent snow patches. "We've got
11 inches at midway and 18 inches up top," Murray
said. "We've been packing it down already." The
managers of all four ski areas are hoping for
better this winter, and they may get what they
want. The National Weather Service has detected
El Niño conditions in the tropical Pacific, which
should bring wet, cold weather to the Southwest
between November and March. If there is plenty of
snow, will there be plenty of skiers at Arizona
resorts?
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El Niño
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El Niño
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El Niño

• Late 19th centuryPeruvian fishermen begin
  referring to the periodic warming of the sea at
  Christmas as El Niño, meaning "The Child," or
  "The Little One." Frequently, the Child chases
  the fish away -- but causes the desert to bloom.
  The term "El Niño" appears in print for the first
  time in 1892 in a Peruvian scientific journal.

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El Niño
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GLG110 Geologic Disasters and the Environment
Today Mineral and Energy resources Chapters 12
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Instructor Professor Ramon Arrowsmith Email
ramon.arrowsmith_at_asu.edu Office PSF-640
480-965-3541
TA Tom Foltz Email Thomas.foltz_at_asu.edu Office
PSH-574
Course Website http//glg110.asu.edu
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Energy Mineral resources
Resources

• Modern civilization.
• Built completely upon materials extracted from
  Earth
• Each of us modern society folk use enormous
  resources
• No country is self-sufficient with its resource
  needs

• Resource renewability
• renewable replenishable in months, years or
  decades
• nonrenewable may take millions of years to
  replenish

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Energy Mineral resources
Resources

• Recycling
• some nonrenewable resources are recyclable (Al)
• some are not (oil)
• some are renewable if used at a replenishable
  rate (H2O)

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• Increased demand
• population explosion
• mineral/energy needs growing faster than
  population

Keller, 2002
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Energy Mineral resources
Mineral resources
Elements for metal production and
technology Building materials Minerals for
chemical industry (e.g., plastics) Minerals for
agriculture (e.g., fertilizers)
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Mineral resources cycle
Keller, 2002
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Resources and reserves
Keller, 2002
Responses to limited availability -Find
more! -Find a substitute -Recycle -Use less or
become more efficient -Do without
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Keller, 2002
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Mineral resources
Energy Mineral resources
Copper sulfide ores
Chalcopyrite Malachite
Chalcocite
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Mineral resources
Energy Mineral resources
Iron ores
Siderite
Iron pyrite
Magnetite
Hematite
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Mineral resources
Energy Mineral resources
Magmatic segregation pegmatites Hydrothermal
solutions important ore deposits
Crystallization in fluid-rich environment
Hot, metal-rich fluid migration as vein deposits
or disseminated deposits
Quartz veins
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Mineral resources
Energy Mineral resources
Quartz vein
Silver gold
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Mineral resources
Energy Mineral resources
Magmatic segregation pegmatites Hydrothermal
solutions important ore deposits
Crystallization in fluid-rich environment
Hot, metal-rich fluid migration as vein deposits
or disseminated deposits
Copper mine, Utah
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http//www.bisbeemuseum.org/mineral_hall.htm
Lavender pit
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Hydrothermal (hot-water) and contact metamorphic
ore deposits. Hysrothermal ore depostis general
appear as veins that form when chemicals in the
hydrothermal solutions crystallize as minerals.
Contact metamorphic ore deposits form as a result
of elevated temperature in chemically active
rocks in contact with hot magma (Keller, 2002)
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Marine evaporite deposits in the US (largely
agricultural applications) (Keller, 2002)
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Impacts of mineral production and use

• Environmental pollution
• Water
• Air
• Biological effects
• Social (blight)
• Environmental regulation of mining

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Energy
Total energy consumption for the US, 1950-1999
(above) and Energy use below 300C in the US
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Energy
Energy Mineral resources

• Coal
• Petroleum
• Natural gas

• fossil fuels

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Energy
Energy Mineral resources

• major fuel for power plants
• 70 of coal usage electricity
• many problems pollution, health, wastelands
• lots more available
• formation swamps

Coal
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Energy
Energy Mineral resources
Petroleum natural gas

• typically found together
• hydrocarbons
• generated from plant/animal matter
• formation marine environment
• must be trapped for preservation

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Energy
Energy Mineral resources
Petroleum natural gas

• typically found together
• hydrocarbons
• generated from plant/animal matter
• formation marine environment
• must be trapped for preservation

Oil traps

• permeable host rock to store oil/gas
• overlying impermeable rock to prevent

reservoir rock
cap rock
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Energy
Formation of oil and gas (Keller, 2002)
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Energy
Energy Mineral resources
Types of oil traps (Keller, 2002)
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Oil and gas fields relative to tectonic
belts Keller, 2002
Energy
Energy Mineral resources
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Energy
Energy Mineral resources
Keller, 2002
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Future of oil

• 50 of discovered total crude oil on earth is
  nearly consumed. Only 20 might be found.
• Proven reserves 1.04 trillion barrels 2-3
  trillion more may ultimately be recovered
• Yearly use is 27 billion barrels
• Peak of production is expected in 2020-2020.
• US production will be exhausted by 2090 and
  globally by 2100

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Environmental effects
Energy Mineral resources
Urban air pollution
Transportation (46 of pollution sources Carbon
monoxide (49 of all primary pollutants)
makes
Tokyo, Japan
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Energy Mineral resources
Alternate energy resources
Supplies 7 of U.S. needs Energy from nuclear
fission Difficulty 1 accidents can happen...
Difficulty 2 what to do w/ hazardous waste
nuclear solar wind hydroelectric geothermal tidal
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Energy Mineral resources
Alternate energy resources
nuclear solar wind hydroelectric geothermal tidal
Keller, 2002
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Energy Mineral resources
Alternate energy resources
Yucca Mountain, NV nuclear waste respository
(Keller, 2002)
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Energy Mineral resources
Alternate energy resources
Suns energy Different systems/types Effective
where sunlight is common Expect more in future
nuclear solar geothermal hydroelectric wind tidal
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Energy Mineral resources
Alternate energy resources
Suns energy Different systems/types Effective
where sunlight is common Expect more in future
nuclear solar geothermal hydroelectric wind tidal
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Energy Mineral resources
Alternate energy resources

• Underground steam/hot water
• Hardly any environmental impact
• Limited life per field

nuclear solar geothermal hydroelectric wind tidal
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Energy Mineral resources
Alternate energy resources

• Underground steam/hot water
• Hardly any environmental impact
• Limited life per field

nuclear solar geothermal hydroelectric wind tidal
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Alternate energy resources
Energy Mineral resources
Falling water drives turbines 5 of U.S.
electricity Mostly large dams Limited life span
nuclear solar geothermal hydroelectric wind tidal
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Alternate energy resources
Energy Mineral resources
Falling water drives turbines 5 of U.S.
electricity Mostly large dams Limited life span
Hydroelectric
nuclear solar geothermal hydroelectric wind tidal
Clean! 1.3 of Californias power Noisy
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Alternate energy resources
Energy Mineral resources
Largely untapped Uneconomical if tide lt 25
feet Need enclosed bay
tidal