LINKAGES BETWEEN THE SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS APPROACH AND THE CODE OF CONDUCT FOR RESPONSIBLE FISHER

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LINKAGES BETWEEN THE SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS
APPROACH AND THE CODE OF CONDUCT FOR RESPONSIBLE
FISHERIES
SFLP
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INTRODUCTION

• This presentation has two aims
• To introduce the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach
  and the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
• Explore the linkages between the two

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ORIGINS OF THE SLA

• The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA) has
  been evolving since the 1980s
• It is widely used by agencies like UNDP
• It has recently been adopted by DFID

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THE SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS APPROACH

• The sustainable livelihoods approach (SLA) is a
  way of thinking about the objectives, scope and
  priorities for development

• The key components of the SLA are
• its goal
• its objectives
• the sustainable livelihoods framework
• a set of principles

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THE GOAL OF SLA

• The Goal of the SLA is the eradication of
• poverty, and
• vulnerability to poverty

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POVERTY AND ARTISANAL FISHERIES

• Artisanal fisheries have been identified as one
  of the poorest groups globally
• This does not mean that all artisanal fishworkers
  are poor, some are but many in West Africa are
  reasonably well off
• However, most fishworkers are vulnerable to
  poverty as a result of unsustainable uses of
  fisheries resources

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CORE OBJECTIVES OF THE SLA

• More secure access to, and better management of,
  natural resources
• Improved access to high quality education,
  information, technologies and training and better
  nutrition and health
• A more supportive and cohesive social environment
• Better access to basic and facilitating
  infrastructure
• More secure access to financial resources
• A policy and institutional environment that
  supports multiple livelihood strategies and
  promotes equitable access to competitive markets
  for all

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LIVELIHOODS

• A livelihood comprises
• the capabilities
• the assets, and
• the activities
• that are required for a means of living

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LIVELIHOODS ARE SUSTAINABLE WHEN THEY

• Are resilient in the face of external shocks and
  stresses
• Are not dependent upon external support
• Maintain the long-term productivity of natural
  resources and
• Do not undermine the livelihoods of, or
  compromise the livelihood options open to, others

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SUSTAINABILITY HAS FOUR ELEMENTS

• Environmental sustainability is achieved when the
  productivity of key natural resources is
  conserved or enhanced for future generations
• Economic sustainability is achieved if a baseline
  level of economic welfare can be achieved and
  sustained (this baseline is likely to be
  location-specific)
• Social sustainability is achieved when social
  exclusion is minimised and social equity is
  maximised
• Institutional sustainability is achieved when
  prevailing structures and processes have the
  capacity to continue to perform their functions
  over the long term

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PRINCIPLES OF THE SLA

• People-centred
• Responsive and participatory
• Multi-level
• Conducted in partnership
• Sustainable
• Dynamic
• Holistic

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SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS FRAMEWORK
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ELEMENTS OF THE VULNERABILITY CONTEXT

• The vulnerability context is the group of
  factors, operating in the external environment in
  which people exist, that may affect their
  susceptibility to poverty.
• The livelihoods that people adopt, and the
  livelihood outcomes they aspire to, are greatly
  affected by the vulnerability context.
• There are three key areas in which we can assess
  the vulnerability context . These are trends,
  shocks and seasonality.

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LIVELIHOOD ASSETS

• The SLA is mainly concerned with poor and
  vulnerable people.
• The SLA starts from understanding peoples'
  strengths and builds on them.
• The SLA refers to peoples' strengths as "capital
  assets".

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TYPES OF CAPITAL ASSETS

• Their are five types of capital assets
• Human
• Social
• Physical
• Financial
• Natural

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CAPITAL ASSETS
Financial
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WEAK NATURAL AND FINANCIAL ASSETS, STRONG SOCIAL
AND HUMAN ONES
Human
Social
Natural
Financial
Physical
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WEAK PHYSICAL AND FINANCIAL ASSETS, STRONG
NATURAL ONES
Human
Social
Natural
Physical
Financial
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STRUCTURES AND PROCESSES AFFECTING ARTISANAL
FISHERIES

• Transforming structures and processes are the
  institutions, organisations, policies and
  legislation that shape the livelihoods of the
  artisanal fishworkers
• Structures are physical entities which often
  generate the processes
• The processes determine the way in which the
  structures operate

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LIVELIHOOD STRATEGIES

• Livelihood strategies are the range and
  combination of activities and choices that people
  undertake or make to achieve their livelihood
  goals
• Fishworkers may pursue a diversity of livelihood
  strategies

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LIVELIHOOD OUTCOMES

• Livelihood outcomes can be defined in terms of
• What people actually achieve from their
  livelihoods, and
• What they aspire to achieve in the future
  (livelihood goals)

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CATEGORIES OF LIVELIHOOD OUTCOMES

• Livelihood outcomes must be determined by the
  people themselves. These outcomes might include
  aspects of
• Increased income
• Increased well-being
• Improved food security and better health
• Better access to good education
• Reduced vulnerability
• More sustainable use of natural resources

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THE AIM OF THE SLA

• The SLA ultimately aims to improve livelihood
  outcomes in terms that are defined by fishworkers
  themselves

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ORIGINS OF THE CODE OF CONDUCT FOR RESPONSIBLE
FISHERIES

• The Code evolved from the concern over
  conservation and management issues
• The FAO COFI meeting in 1991 discussed this
  concern in detail
• The International Conference on Responsible
  Fishing, in Mexico, called on FAO to prepare a
  Code of Conduct
• The Code was adopted in October 1995

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THE GOAL OF THE CCRF

• The overall goal of the Code is to contribute to
  achieving sustainable benefits from fisheries in
  terms of food, employment, recreation, trade and
  economic well-being for people throughout the
  world

• In so doing, the Code provides principles and
  standards applicable to the conservation,
  management and development of all fisheries

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STRUCTURE AND ORGANISATION OF THE CODE

• Articles of the Code
• Art. 1 Nature and scope
• Art. 2 Objectives of the Code
• Art. 3 Relationship with other International
  Instruments
• Art. 4 Implementation, Monitoring and Updating
• Art. 5 Special Requirements of Developing
  Countries
• Art. 6 General Principles
• Art. 7 Fisheries management
• Art. 8 Fishing Operations
• Art. 9 Aquaculture Development
• Art. 10 Integration of Fisheries into Coastal
  Area Management
• Art. 11 Post-Harvest Practices and Trade
• Art. 12 Fisheries Research

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PRINCIPLES OF THE CODE 1

• Conserve aquatic resources
• Promote the quality and quantity of resources
• Balance effort with sustainable use of resources
• Base decisions on scientific evidence, take
  account of traditional knowledge and co-operate
  bilaterally and regionally in research
• Adopt a precautionary approach
• Develop and apply selective and environmentally
  safe gear and practices
• Appropriately harvest, handle, process and
  distribute fish to maintain its nutritional
  value, quality and safety and to minimise waste
  and environmental damage
• Protect and rehabilitate critical fisheries
  habitats

PRINCIPLES CONTINUED ON NEXT SLIDE
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PRINCIPLES OF THE CODE 2

• Incorporate fisheries into the multiple uses of
  the coastal zone
• Ensure compliance with and enforcement of
  management measures, and monitor and control
  fishing
• Exert effective control over vessels flying their
  flags
• Co-operate at sub-regional, regional and global
  levels to promote conservation and management and
  to ensure responsible fisheries
• Ensure transparency of, and the participation of
  fishworkers, industry and environmental
  organisations in, decision-making related to laws
  and policies.
• Conduct international trade in accordance with
  the principles, rights and obligations of
  relevant international agreements and develop
  policies and practices in ways which do not
  obstruct trade, cause environmental damage or
  generate negative social impacts

PRINCIPLES CONTINUED ON NEXT SLIDE
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PRINCIPLES OF THE CODE 3

• Co-operate to prevent disputes
• Promote awareness of responsible fisheries
  through education and training and involve
  fishers and fishfarmers in policy formulation and
  implementation
• Promote safe, healthy and fair working and living
  conditions and ensure they meet international
  standards
• Protect the rights of fishers and fishworkers,
  particularly those engaged in subsistence,
  small-scale and artisanal fisheries, to a secure
  and just livelihood, as well as preferential
  access to traditional fishing grounds and
  resources
• Consider aquaculture, and culture-based
  fisheries, as a means to promote diversification
  of income and diet and to minimise adverse
  effects on the environment and local communities

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BRINGING THE CODE AND THE SLA TOGETHER

• The Code and SLA have much in common in terms of
  goal and principles.
• They are are both
• People-centred
• Responsive and participatory
• Multi-level
• Conducted in partnership
• Concerned with sustainability
• Dynamic
• Holistic

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COMPLEMENTARITY AT THE STRATEGIC LEVEL

• There are also many similarities ate the
  strategic level
• But there are also differences

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THE ENTRY POINTS OF THE SLA STRATEGY

• The SLA has four entry points
• Support to avoid, or mitigate, the affects of the
  external environment
• Support for asset development
• Support to improve transforming structures and
  processes
• Support to strengthen or diversify livelihoods
• Entry points 2 and 3 are generally the most
  important

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THE STRATEGY THE SLA
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ENTRY POINTS OF THE CODE

• In the main, the Code aims to change the way
  Governments do things
• The Code only really has one entry point
• That is through the transforming structures and
  processes

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COMPARISON OF SLA AND CODE ENTRY POINTS
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THE ENTRY POINT OF THE CODE INTO THE SLA FRAMEWORK
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COMPARING THE TWO
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THE LINKAGE IN ACTION

• The SLA and Code work well together and they
  overlap
• The Code can be used as a tool for addressing
  specific aspects of the SLA
• The Code provides clear guidance on how aspects
  of the SLA may be implemented within the
  fisheries sector

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END OF PRESENTATION
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AREAS TO CONSIDER IN A SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS
SWOT ANALYSIS