Adaptive Hypermedia 2ID20

1
Adaptive Hypermedia2ID20

• Prof. dr. Paul De Bra

2
AHA! Adaptive Hypermedia Architecture

• Main characteristics
• adaptive web server extension
• conditional inclusion of fragments
• adaptive link hiding or annotation
• adaptation in local or remote pages
• pages in html or xml format
• flexible user model (arbitrary concepts and
  attributes)
• event-condition-action rules
• graphical authoring tool for concept
  relationships
• forms and multiple-choice tests

3
AHA! Engine Architecture
local files
adaptation engine
webserver
end-user
external servers
user model
combined DM/AM
4
(No Transcript)
5
Conditional Inclusion of Objects

• When AHA! retrieves a page it creates a parse
  stream for it.
• AHA! includes objects when an ltobjectgt tag is
  encountered in parse stream
• a resource to include is selected
• the concept associated with that resource is
  determined
• that concepts adaptation rules are executed
• the resource is inserted into the parse stream
• The included data may contain ltobjectgt tags
  itself
• As a result objects may include other objects
• There is a danger of infinite recursive object
  inclusion

6
Fragments and Objects in (X)HTML

• Embedded fragments
• ltif exprtutorial.intro.knowledgegt50gt
• ltblockgthere something for knowledgeable
  userslt/blockgt
• ltblockgthere something for beginnerslt/blockgt
• lt/ifgt
• fragment is chosen depending on the knowledge
  attribute of concept tutorial.intro
• Included objects
• ltobject nametutorial.concept1 typeaha/text
  /gt
• object is chosen by evaluating a casegroup for
  tutorial.concept1 in the domain / adaptation
  model
• ltrefgt tag is used in SMIL, ltobjectgt in (X)HTML

7
Object Inclusion in DM/AM

• Here is an example of part of a DM/AM for object
  inclusion
• ltconceptgt
• ltnamegttutorial.object1lt/namegt
• ltattribute nameshowability typeint
  isPersistenttrue isSystemtruegt
• ltcasegroupgt
• ltdefaultfragmentgtfile/tutorial/xml/empty.xh
  tmllt/defaultfragmentgt
• ltcasevaluegtltvaluegt1lt/valuegt
• ltreturnfragmentgtfile/tutorial/xml/frag1.xht
  mllt/returnfragmentgt
• lt/casevaluegt
• ltcasevaluegtltvaluegt2lt/valuegt
• ltreturnfragmentgtfile/tutorial/xml/frag2.xht
  mllt/returnfragmentgt
• lt/casevaluegt
• lt/casegroupgt
• lt/attributegt
• lt/conceptgt

8
Adaptive Link Hiding and Annotation

• AHA! recognizes two classes of links
  conditional and unconditional
• lta hrefpage.xhtml classconditionalgtlink
  anchorlt/agt
• The engine translates links to good, neutral or
  bad
• lta hrefpage.xhtml classgoodgtlink anchorlt/agt
• AHA! inserts a stylesheet in the (x)html page to
  define the link colors
• ltstyle typetext/cssgt
• a.Goodlink text-decoration none color
  0000FF
• a.Goodvisited text-decoration none color
  0000FF
• a.Neutrallink text-decoration none color
  7C007C
• a.Neutralvisited text-decoration none color
  7C007C
• lt/stylegt

9
XHTMLAHA Page Format

• This format is inherited from AHA! 2.0. It has
  embedded conditional fragments
• lt!DOCTYPE html SYSTEM /aha/AHAstandard/xhtml-ahae
  xt-1.dtdgt
• lthtml xmlnshttp//www.w3.org/1999/xhtmlgt
• ltobject dataheader.xml typetext/xml /gt
• ltif exprtutorial.intro.knowledgelt30gtltblockgt
• here some intro textlt/blockgt
• lt/ifgt
• ltobject datafooter.xml typetext/xml /gt
• lt/htmlgt

10
AHA! and Standard XHTML

• AHA! 3.0 adds support for standard XHTML, with
  conditional object inclusion.
• lt!DOCTYPE html SYSTEM /aha/AHAstandard/xhtml1-str
  ict.dtdgt
• lthtml xmlnshttp//www.w3.org/1999/xhtmlgt
• ltheadgt
• lttitlegtExample of AHA! with XHTMLlt/titlegt
• lt/headgt
• ltbodygt
• lta hrefpage.xhtml classconditionalgtlink
  anchorlt/agt
• ltobject nametutorial.object1
  typeaha/text /gt
• lt/bodygt
• lt/htmlgt

11
AHA! and XHTMLSMIL

• AHA! 3.0 adds support for XHTMLSMIL too. This is
  based on a Microsoft Internet Explorer extension.
• lt!DOCTYPE html SYSTEM /aha/AHAstandard/xhtml1-str
  ict.dtdgt
• lthtml xmlnshttp//www.w3.org/1999/xhtml
  xmlnsturnschemas-microsoft-comtimegt
• ltheadgt
• lt?IMPORT namespacet implementationdefaultti
  me2?gt
• lt/headgt
• ltbodygt
• ltobject nametutorial.xhtmltimeobject
  typeaha/text /gt
• lt/bodygt
• lt/htmlgt

12
AHA! and SMIL 2.0

• AHA! 3.0 can perform adaptation to SMIL
  documents, by using the ltrefgt tag
• lt!DOCTYPE smil PUBLIC -//W3C//DTD SMIL 2.0//EN
  http//www.w3.org/2001/SMIL20/SMIL20.dtdgt
• ltsmil xmlnshttp//www.w3.org/2001/SMIL20/Languag
  egt
• ltbodygt
• ltseq repeat1gt
• ltref srctutorial.smilobject typeaha/text
  /gt
• lt/seqgt
• lt/bodygt
• lt/smilgt

13
Setting up an adaptive site with AHA!

• To start using AHA! you should perform the
  following steps
• Download the Tomcat webserver (preferably using
  jwsdp 1.3 from www.javasoft.com) and start it at
  http//localhost8080/admin/
• Install AHA! 3.0. We assume you use directory
  c/aha on a Windows machine (but any directory on
  Windows or Linux should work)
• Start Tomcat (with disconnected network!) and
  create a new context for AHA!
• Perform the automatic configuration at
  http//localhost8080/aha/Config
• Restart the server and go to the configuration
  page again to create authors and applications

14
Creating an AHA! Context
15
Creating an AHA! Context (cont.)
16
Creating an AHA! Context (cont.)
17
Creating an AHA! Context (cont.)
18
AHA! Automatic Configuration

• The first time you go to http//localhost8080/aha
  /Config the following message appears
• The automatic configuration is then completed and
  you have to restart the Tomcat server.
• You can then login using aha and an empty
  password.

19
Configuring AHA!

• The configuration tool lets you create and edit
  manager properties, authors and applications.
• Note the conversion options between the XML
  authoring formats and the AHA! engines internal
  format.

20
AHA! Directory Structure

• Structure in the AHA! directory tree
• AHAstandard contains all publicly needed DTDs
• WEB-INF AHA! configuration files and classes
  subdirectory tree (for servlets)
• lib class subdirectory tree for authoring
  applets
• xmlroot XML database storage for DM/AM and UM
• author/authorfiles all files used and created by
  the authoring tools
• concept templates (types of concepts with their
  attributes)
• concept relationship types (with their adaptation
  rules)
• list of authors and for each author a directory
  with the authors applications
• for each AHA! application a subdirectory tree

21
The Concept Editor

• Lets you edit every aspect of DM/AM for an
  application
• add/remove/edit a concept
• add/remove/edit attributes of a concept
• add/remove/edit the suitability requirement of a
  concept
• add/remove/edit a casegroup for the conditional
  inclusion of objects
• add/remove/edit adaptation rules
• each rule is tied to a triggering attribute
• each rule has a condition
• each rule has a series of actions executed when
  the condition is true
• each rule has a (possibly empty) series of
  actions executed when the condition is false

22
(No Transcript)
23
(No Transcript)
24
(No Transcript)
25
(No Transcript)
26
(No Transcript)
27
The Graph Author Tool

• The Concept Editor shows many aspects of the AHAM
  reference model
• arbitrarily many concepts
• each concept may have different attributes
• event-condition-action rules used to provide
  specific adaptation rules
• resources tied to concepts for page selectors
• casegroup used for page constructors
• The Concept Editor is also missing AHAM
  structures
• there are no concept relationships
• there are no generic adaptation rules
• The Graph Author Tool alleviates these
  shortcomings

28
(No Transcript)
29
Managing an AHA! Application

• The Graph Author offers 4 buttons for managing
  whole applications
• Create a new application. When you save the
  application it will be added to the list of
  applications you author.
• Open an application. You get a choice between
  the application of which you are the author.
• Save an application. This saves all the
  information the Graph author needs to recreate
  its presentation and also compiles the structures
  to the DM/AM format.
• Save to AHA!. This saves like the above button
  but also converts the DM/AM model to the internal
  format of AHA!.

30
Adding and Editing a Concept

• This button opens a dialog box to select a
  concept type and enter the corresponding
  properties

31
Customizing the Graph View

• The graph with concept relationships can become
  cluttered with arrows. This button opens a dialog
  box that lets you select relationship types to
  show or hide.
• The graph with concept relationships can
  become very large. Scrolling becomes necessary
  but the overview is lost. With these buttons you
  can zoom in and out.

32
Defining Object Inclusion
33
Concept Relationship Types

• In the Graph Author concept relationship types
  are tied to generic adaptation rules.
• Each rule may have a parameter to replace a
  default.
• Only binary relationship types are possible.
• When a specific adaptation rule is needed a
  generic rule (template) must be created and
  instantiated.
• There is currently no authoring interface to
  create
• concept templates
• concept relationship templates
• There is no termination problem detection in the
  Graph Author Tool (but planned) and there is a
  confluence problem because authors have no
  control over the execution order of rules.

34
Concept Templates

• lt!DOCTYPE template SYSTEM 'template.dtd'gt
• lttemplategt
• ltnamegtpage conceptlt/namegt
• ltattributesgt
• ltattributegt
• ltnamegtaccesslt/namegt ltdescriptiongttriggered by
  page accesslt/descriptiongt
• ltdefaultgtfalselt/defaultgt lttypegtboollt/typegt
• ltisPersistentgtfalselt/isPersistentgt
  ltisSystemgttruelt/isSystemgt
• ltisChangeablegtfalselt/isChangeablegt
• lt/attributegt
• lt/attributesgt
• ltconceptrelationsgt
• ltconceptrelationgt
• ltnamegtknowledge_updatelt/namegt
  ltlabelgt35lt/labelgt
• lt/conceptrelationgt
• lt/conceptrelationsgt
• lt/templategt

35
Concept Relationship Types

• Concept relationship types are defined by two
  files one defines how the Graph Author presents
  it (color, arrow style) and whether it must be
  acyclic. The other one defines how it is
  translated to AHA! adaptation rules
• lt!DOCTYPE aha_relation_type SYSTEM
  'aha_relation_type.dtd'gt
• ltaha_relation_typegt
• ltnamegt prerequisite lt/namegt
• ltlistitemsgt
• ltsetdefault location "destination.suitability"
  combination"AND"gt source.knowledge gt var50
• lt/setdefaultgt
• lt/listitemsgt
• lt/aha_relation_typegt

36
Concept Relationship Types

• Here is the knowledge propagation relationship,
  used to propagate knowledge through the concept
  hierarchy
• lt!DOCTYPE aha_relation_type SYSTEM
  'aha_relation_type.dtd'gt
• ltaha_relation_typegt
• ltnamegtknowledge_propagationlt/namegt
• ltlistitemsgt
• ltgenerateListItem isPropagating"true"
  location"child.knowledge" gt
• ltrequirementgt true lt/requirementgt
• lttrueActionsgt
• ltaction combination"DIV_S"gt
• ltconceptNamegt parent lt/conceptNamegt
• ltattributeNamegt knowledge
  lt/attributeNamegt
• ltexpressiongtparent.knowledge(varDIVIDE_
  child.knowledge)lt/expressiongt
• lt/actiongt
• lt/trueActionsgt
• lt/generateListItemgt
• lt/listitemsgt
• lt/aha_relation_typegt

37
Standard AHA! Forms and Reports

• AHA! offers two standard forms and two standard
  reports
• The end-user can choose link colors through the
  color configuration form. By choosing colors a
  choice is made between link hiding (default) or
  link annotation.
• The end-user can change the knowledge value for
  concepts where the knowledge attribute is marked
  as changeable.
• AHA! can produce a list of pages the user has
  read (from this application). This is based on
  the visited attribute value.
• AHA! can also produce a list of pages the user
  has not yet read. This is also based on the
  visited attribute.
• AHA! can also present some other information like
  the users name, id and email address.

38
Custom Forms the Form Editor
39
Multiple-Choice Tests

• AHA! can present multiple-choice tests
• Each test may consist of multiple questions.
• Each question may have one or more correct
  answers.
• The test may contain more questions than are
  asked. The choice is random.
• A question may have more answers than are shown.
  The choice is random.
• Explanations of answers may be given if the
  author has decided so.
• A score is given and stored in the user model for
  the knowledge attribute of the concept associated
  with the test.
• There is currently no authoring tool for creating
  multiple-choice tests.

40
Assignment

• This course consists of viewgraphs with notes and
  videos. You should use this (or other multimedia
  material) to produce an adaptive hypermedia
  application
• It must use AHA! version 3.0 (prerelease).
• It must use XHTMLSMIL or SMIL 2.0.
• It must be done in groups of two users.
• It must be accompanied by a document motivating
  and explaining the design and implementation.
• You can get inspiration from the course part that
  describes other adaptive hypermedia systems and
  applications.