Unmanned Aircraft Systems UAS Standards Development and Application

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Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)Standards
Development and Application

• Mike Fagan
• SRA International
• mike_fagan_at_sra.com
• www.uavforum.com

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ASTM Committee F38

• Unmanned Aircraft Systems
• Formed 2003
• Members 180
• Subcommittees
• Airworthiness
• Operations
• Training and Certification

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Topics

• UAS challenges
• UAS standards that enable solutions
• Representative standards-developing organizations
  (SDOs)

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Commercial UAS Challenges

• Profitability
• Insurability
• Regulation
• Reliability

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Solution DependenciesFollow the Money

• Commercial UAS success requires a profitable
  return on investment---
• which implies risk management and mitigation that
  usually results in transferring risks to
  insurers---
• who want safety and predictability.
• Insureds are required to adhere to regulations
  and standards in order to minimize losses and
  keep them within predictable (reliable) bounds.
• UAS reliability improves and becomes more
  predictable when relevant standards are applied.
• Safety (risk management) is essential to profit.

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UAS Reliability

• Latest DoD UAS Reliability Study
• http//www.acq.osd.mil/uas/docs/reliabilitystudy.p
  df
• Update begins November, 2005

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UAS Regulatory Authority

• 14 CFR 1.1 Aircraft means a device that is used
  or intended to be used for flight in the air.
• FAA POLICY 05-01 defines UA, and with FAA Order
  7610.4, addresses military UAS operations.
• Military aircraft (generally) are certified by
  the military.
• Civil aircraft (generally) are certified by the
  FAA.
• FAA will not accept Certificate of Authorization
  (COA) applications for civil UA operations.

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FAA Regulatory Area Examples

• Design
• Manufacturing
• Continuing Maintenance
• Operations
• Training and Certification

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Sources and Application of Regs

• 14 CFR full regulatory treatment
• e.g. air carriers, flight schools
• 14 CFR based on consensus standards
• e.g. light sport aircraft
• 14 CFR minimal regulatory treatment
• e.g. ultralight vehicles
• No CFR addressed by exception
• e.g. kites, model aircraft, rockets

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What is a Consensus Standard?

• standards developed or adopted by voluntary
  consensus standards bodies, both domestic and
  international
• "Voluntary consensus standards bodies" are
  domestic or international organizations which
  plan, develop, establish, or coordinate voluntary
  consensus standards using agreed-upon procedures.
  For purposes of this Circular, "voluntary,
  private sector, consensus standards bodies," as
  cited in Act, is an equivalent term. The Act and
  the Circular encourage the participation of
  federal representatives in these bodies to
  increase the likelihood that the standards they
  develop will meet both public and private sector
  needs. A voluntary consensus standards body is
  defined by the following attributes
• Openness
• Balance of interest
• Due process
• An appeals process.

From OMB Circular No. A-119, "Federal
Participation in the Development and Use of
Voluntary Consensus Standards and in Conformity
Assessment Activities."
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Consensus Standardsand Public Policy

• OMB Circular A-119, 20 Oct 1993 (revised 10 Feb
  1998) establishes policy for federal use of
  standards - All federal agencies must use
  voluntary consensus standards in lieu of
  government-unique standards in their procurement
  and regulatory activities
• Public Law 104-113, National Technology Transfer
  and Advancement Act of 1995, eliminates practice
  of having duplicative government standards

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F38 Preceptive Relationshipsof UAS Standards
Model Aircraft
e.g. Global Hawk
Voluntary Standards
Mandatory Consensus Standards
Mandatory Federal Standards
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ASTMs Approach for UAS Standards

• Goal Produce cost-effective consensus standards
  that, when applied, will enhance the safe design,
  manufacture, maintenance, and operation of
  unmanned aircraft systems (UAS).
• Define terms and scope of UAS standards
• Adopt current, safe practices and guidance as
  formal UAS standards
• Develop additional UAS standards as needed
• Maintain currency and relevancy of standards

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Standards Today

• UA Definitions
• AIAA R-103-2004, Terminology for Unmanned Aerial
  Vehicles and Remotely Operated Aircraft
• ASTM F2395, Standard Terminology for Unmanned Air
  Vehicle Systems
• See Avoid Systems
• ASTM F2411, Standard Specification for Design and
  Performance Requirements for an Unmanned Air
  Vehicle Sense-and-Avoid System

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GA Mid-Air Collision Statistics
Source AOPA Air Safety Foundation
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UAV SA Reliability

• Reliability e-(?t) where
• ? is the failure rate of the system
  (useful life with a constant hazard
  function)
• t is time system is in service
• The reliability of a non-cooperative UAV
  sense-and-avoid system operating with general
  aviation would be (at a minimum) equivalent to
  that provided by the manned system
• Butthis reliability figure encompasses
• Probability of detection
• Scan rate/location
• System availability
• Component reliability and redundancy
• Operating procedures
• Operating environment

R e-(8.57 x10 )(2.5) 0.9999786
-6
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MARCAT Example
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Selected ASTM F38 Work Products

• Standard Guide for Mini-UAV Airworthiness
• Recommended Practices for Unmanned Aircraft
  System Design, Manufacture And Test
• Standard Specification for Design and Performance
  of an Unmanned Air Vehicle (UAV) Data Link System
  
• FAR Part 21 Review For Civil Unmanned Aircraft
  (CUA) Requirements
• FAR Part 27 Review For Civil Unmanned Rotorcraft
  (CUR) Requirements
• Quality Assurance in the Manufacture of Unmanned
  Airplane Systems (UAS)
• Continued Operational Safety Monitoring of the
  Light Unmanned Airplane Systems (UAS)
• Standard Practice for Maintenance and the
  Development of Maintenance Manuals for Light
  Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS)
• UAV Embedded Software
• Standard Practice for Design and Manufacture of
  Reciprocating Engines for Unmanned Aircraft
  Systems
• Standard Specification for the Design and
  Performance of a Pneumatic UAS Launch System

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STANDARDS-DEVELOPING ORGANIZATIONS (SDOs)
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ANSI Accredited SDOs

• Representative American National Standards
  Institute (ANSI)-Accredited Standards-Developing
  Organizations (200 total)
• American Institute of Aeronautics and
  Astronautics (AIAA)
• ASTM International
• Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)
• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
  (IEEE)
• Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)

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SDO Comparison
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ASTM F38 Liaison Program

• F38 Liaison Program Objectives
• Share the nature and status of each
  organizations workflow
• Identify areas of potential cross referencing
• Identify and reduce areas of overlap /
  duplication
• Identify areas of potential cooperation and joint
  meetings
• Maintain knowledge of key contacts in the
  organizations
• Initial organizations
• AIAA, AOPA, RTCA, SAE

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Industry Contributions to Standards

• Standards-Developing Organizations (SDOs)
  generally rely on industry, government, and users
  to identify a need for standards, and then
  develop the standards.
• Existing production and test specifications are
  excellent candidates for ANSI SDO approved
  standards.
• Semi-annual F38 meeting is Nov 7 8 in Dallas.

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The identification, development, acceptance, and
use of standardsare necessary prerequisites for
routine operations of UAS
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