A Brief Intro to Cortical Neuroanatomy

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A Brief Intro to Cortical Neuroanatomy
Jody Culham Department of Psychology University
of Western Ontario
http//www.fmri4newbies.com/
Last Update November 29, 2008 fMRI Course,
Louvain, Belgium
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14 Major Sulci

• Main sulci are formed early in development
• Fissures are really deep sulci
• Typically continuous sulci
• Interhemispheric fissure
• Sylvian fissure
• Parieto-occipital fissure
• Collateral sulcus
• Central sulcus
• Calcarine Sulcus
• Typically discontinuous sulci
• Superior frontal sulcus
• Inferior frontal sulcus
• Postcentral sulcus
• Intraparietal sulcus
• Superior temporal sulcus
• Inferior temporal sulcus
• Cingulate sulcus

Source Ono, 1990
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Interhemispheric Fissure
-hugely deep (down to corpus callosum) -divides
brain into 2 hemispheres
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Sylvian Fissure
-hugely deep -mostly horizontal -insula (purple)
is buried within it -separates temporal lobe from
parietal and frontal lobes
Sylvian Fissure
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Parieto-occipital Fissure and Calcarine Sulcus
Cuneus (pink) -visual areas on medial side above
calcarine (lower visual field)
Parieto-occipital fissure (red) -very deep -often
Y-shaped from sagittal view, X-shaped in
horizontal and coronal views
Lingual gyrus (yellow) -visual areas on medial
side below calcarine and above collateral sulcus
(upper visual field)
Calcarine sulcus (blue) -contains V1
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Collateral Sulcus
-divides lingual (yellow) and parahippocampal
(green) gyri from fusiform gyrus (pink)
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Cingulate Sulcus
-divides cingulate gyrus (turquoise) from
precuneus (purple) and paracentral lobule (gold)
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Central, Postcentral and Precentral Sulci
Central Sulcus (red) -usually freestanding (no
intersections) -just anterior to ascending
cingulate
Precentral Sulcus (red) -often in two parts
(superior and inferior) -intersects with superior
frontal sulcus (T-junction) -marks anterior end
of precentral gyrus (motor strip, yellow)
Postcentral Sulcus (red) -often in two parts
(superior and inferior) -often intersects with
intraparietal sulcus -marks posterior end of
postcentral gyrus (somatosensory strip, purple)
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Intraparietal Sulcus
-anterior end usually intersects with inferior
postcentral (some texts call inferior postcentral
the ascending intraparietal sulcus) -posterior
end usually forms a T-junction with the
transverse occipital sulcus (just posterior to
the parieto-occipital fissure) -IPS divides the
superior parietal lobule from the inferior
parietal lobule (angular gyrus, gold, and
supramarginal gyrus, lime)
POF
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Slice Views
inverted omega hand area of motor cortex
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Superior and Inferior Temporal Sulci
Superior Temporal Sulcus (red) -divides superior
temporal gyrus (peach) from middle temporal gyrus
(lime) Inferior Temporal Sulcus (blue) -not
usually very continuous -divides middle temporal
gyrus from inferior temporal gyrus (lavender)
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Superior and Inferior Frontal Sulci
Superior Frontal Sulcus (red) -divides superior
frontal gyrus (mocha) from middle frontal gyrus
(pink) Inferior Frontal Sulcus (blue) -divides
middle frontal gyrus from inferior frontal gyrus
(gold) orbital gyrus (green) and frontal pole
(gray) also shown
Frontal Eye fields lie at this junction
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Medial Frontal
-superior frontal gyrus continues on medial
side -frontal pole (gray) and orbital gyrus
(green) also shown
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Learning More Anatomy

• Duvernoy, 1999, The Human Brain Surface, Blood
  Supply, and Three-Dimensional Sectional Anatomy
• beautiful pictures
• good schematic diagrams
• clear anatomy
• slices of real brain
• Springer, US326
• Ono, 1990, Atlas of the Cerebral Sulci
• great for showing intersubject variability
• gives probabilities of configurations and stats
  on sulci
• Theime, US199
• Damasio,1995, Human Brain Anatomy in Computerized
  Images
• good for showing sulci across wide range of
  slice planes
• really crappy reconstructions in first edition
• second edition available April 2005 with new
  images
• Oxford University Press, US125
• Tamraz Comair, 2000, Atlas of Regional Anatomy
  of the Brain Using MRI with Functional
  Correlations

Wanna get rich? Publish a brain atlas. Sheesh,
these are expensive!
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EXTRA SLIDES
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Anatomical and Functional Neuroanatomy
Images from Brain Voyager Brain Tutor (Freeware)
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Cortical Neuroanatomy
Carpenter, 1991, Core Text of Neuroanatomy
Why is so little attention paid to the cortex in
traditional neuroanatomy?
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Brain Tutor

• Freeware interactive tutorial available from
• http//www.brainvoyager.com/

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UNDER CONSTRUCTION

• Im still working on the areas slides and they
  are admittedly on the lame side, especially for
  temporal, frontal and subcortical areas
• Suggestions/images welcome

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Sensory Areas
Van Essen
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Early Visual Areas
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Category-Specific Visual Areas
objects
faces
Malach, 2002, TICS
places

• Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA)
• place-selective
• places gt (objects and faces)

• Lateral Occipital (LO)
• object-selective
• objects gt (faces scenes)

• Fusiform Face Area (FFA)
• face-selective
• faces gt (objects scenes)

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Social Stimuli
Extrastriate Body Area
Data from Downing, 2001, Science
Data from Astafiev et al., 2005, Nature
Neuroscience
Allison, Puce McCarthy, 2000, TICS
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Motion-Selective Areas
Watson et al., 1993, Cerebral Cortex
MT or V5 motion complex
Sunaert et al., 1999, Exp Brain Res
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Parietal Cortex
Simon et al., 2002, Neuron
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Attention
Cabeza Nyberg, 2000, JOCN
Parietal Eye Fields
Frontal Eye Fields
Corbetta et al., 1998, PNAS
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Working Memory
Data Duncan Owen, 2000, TICS Figure Huettel,
Song McCarthy

• dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (near inferior
  frontal sulcus, IFS)
• ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (above Sylvian
  fissure, SF)
• anterior cingulate cortex

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Language
Cabeza Nyberg, 2000, JOCN
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Memory Encoding
hippocampus
Cabeza Nyberg, 2000, JOCN
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Emotion

• amygdala

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Motor Regions
Hand area of Motor Cortex
Supplementary Motor Area
Yousry et al, 1997, Brain
Premotor Cortex
Picard Strick, 2001, CONB