FIRE PROTECTION, PREVENTION, AND CONTROL

1
FIRE PROTECTION, PREVENTION, AND CONTROL

• Effective fire loss control programs have the
  following objectives
• Prevent loss of life and personal injury
• Prevent loss of property
• Emphasis must be placed on the following
• The layout of the facility
• The availability of fire fighting equipment
• Minimize the accumulation of flammable
  combustible materials.

2

• FIRE IS A CHEMICAL REACTION
• THAT TAKES PLACE
• WHEN FUEL IS HEATED
• TO ITS IGNITION TEMPERATURE
• IN THE PRESENCE OF OXYGEN

3

• FIRE

4
FLASH POINT Lowest temperature at which
a substance gives off vapors and gases in
sufficient amount to ignite. IGNITION
TEMPERATURE Lowest temperature at which a
substance will burn.
5
FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS

• Class I-A Flash Point below 73 F,
• boiling point below 100 F.
• Class I-B Flash Point below 73 F,
• boiling point at or above 100 F.
• Class I-C Flash Point at or above 73 F,
• but below 100 F.

6
COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS

• Class II Flash point at or above 100 F,
• but below 140 F.
• Class III-A Flash point at or above 140 F,
• but below 200 F.
• Class III-B Flash point at or above 200 F.

7
TYPE A ExtinguishersOrdinary
CombustiblesClass A fires involve wood,
paper, household rubbish, cloth, rubber, and many
plastics.
8
TYPE B ExtinguishersFlammable LiquidsClass
B fires involve oils, greases, tars, lacquers,
flammable gases, and some plastics.
9
TYPE C ExtinguishersElectrical
EquipmentClass C fires involve energized
electrical equipment, i.e., computers, radios,
televisions, fuse boxes, or circuit breakers
10
TYPE D Extinguishing AgentCombustible
MetalsClass D fires involve combustible
metals, i.e., sodium, magnesium, potassium,
titanium, etc.
11
PREVENT THE OUTBREAK OF FIRE

• WE MUST CONTROL
• Smoking and use of matches
• Heating and cooking
• Electrical equipment/faulty wiring
• Minimize flammable and combustible liquids

12
EARLY DETECTION

• Smoke/Fire Detectors
• Local-Central Alarms
• Automatic Sprinklers
• Wet Pipe - Contains H2O under pressure at
• all times
• Dry Pipe - Contains air or nitrogen under
• pressure at all times

13
BARRIERS TO LIMITFIRE SPREAD

• Fire Walls
• Fire Doors
• Parapets

14
BUILDING CLASSIFICATIONS

• TYPE 1 - FIRE RESISTIVE
• Structural members are non-combustible, fire
• protected and have rated amount of fire
  protection
• according to NFPA 220.
• Will contribute little fuel to the fire
• Should maintain its integrity
• TYPE II - NON-COMBUSTIBLE/
• LIMITED COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS
• Will withstand some degree of fire severity
• Will not contribute to the development of fire
  spread

15
BUILDING CLASSIFICATIONS

• TYPE III - EXTERIOR PROTECTED
• COMBUSTIBLE
• Exterior walls are non-combustible/limited
  combustible
• TYPE IV - HEAVY TIMBER
• Timber must be of specified dimensions
• Difficult to burn
• TYPE V- WOOD FRAME

16
LIFE SAFETY NFPA 101 Life Safety Code was
developed to prevent loss of life/personal
injury. PURPOSE To establish minimum
requirements that will provide a reasonable
degree of safety from fires in buildings and
structures



structures.
17

• LIFE SAFETY CODE IS
• OCCUPANT ORIENTED
• Takes into consideration the normal occupancy
• of the building tries not to interfere
• with the normal use of the building.
• Tries to set requirements that would not cause
  
• unreasonable hardship or unnecessary
• inconvenience to the occupants.

18

• LIFE SAFETY SURVEY
• Will measure the ability of a facility to allow
  for safe
• evacuation of building in emergency situations
• Area (square footage)
• Occupancy Occupant Load Square Foot/Person
• Capacity of Exits Number of persons/unit
• of exit width

19
INTRODUCTION TOINDUSTRIAL HYGIENE

• Industrial hygiene is a science devoted to the
  recognition, evaluation, and control of those
  environmental stressors arising in or out of the
  workplace.

20
KEY OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAM ELEMENTS

• RECOGNITION
• EVALUATION
• CONTROL

21
KEY OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAM ELEMENTS

• RECOGNITION
• EVALUATION
• CONTROL

22
CATEGORIES OFHEALTH HAZARD

• CHEMICAL AGENTS
• PHYSICAL AGENTS
• BIOLOGICAL AGENTS
• ERGONOMIC AGENTS

23
CHEMICAL AGENTS

• DUSTS
• FUMES
• SMOKES
• MISTS
• GASES
• VAPORS

24
PHYSICAL HAZARDS

• NOISE
• RADIATION
• TEMPERATURE
• EXTREMES
• HUMIDITY
• EXTREMES
• VIBRATION

25
BIOLOGICAL AGENTS

• BACTERIA
• FUNGI
• MOLDS
• MITES
• INSECTS
• PLANTS

26
HEALTH EXPOSURES

• ACUTE
• Severe
• Critical/Dangerous
• Rapid Change
• CHRONIC
• Prolonged Repeated Exposure

27
ROUTES OF ENTRY

• INHALATION
• INGESTION
• ABSORPTION
• INJECTION

28
THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE

• Threshold Limit Values refer to airborne
  concentrations of substances and represent
  conditions under which it is believed that nearly
  all workers may be repeatedly exposed day after
  day without adverse effect.
• ACGIH

29
CONCENTRATION TERMS

• PARTS PER MILLION (ppm)
• parts of a vapor or gas per million parts
• of air by volume

• MILLIGRAMS PER CUBIC METER (mg/m3)
• milligrams of a substance per cubic meter
• or air

30
TLV CONCENTRATION

• 1 PPM
• 1 - 10 PPM
• 10 - 100 PPM
• 100 - 1000 PPM

• Highly Toxic
• Toxic
• Moderately Toxic
• Mildly Toxic

31
CATEGORIES OFTHRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE

• TIME-WEIGHTED AVERAGE (TLC-TWA)
• SHORT TERM EXPOSURE LIMIT (TLV-STEL)
• CEILING (TLV-C)
• SKIN (TLV-SKIN)

32
ACGIH TLV LIST

• TWA - Time Weighted Average
• Based on 8-hour work day
• (Refer to concentrations of airborne toxic
  material which have been weighted for a certain
  time duration)
• Ceiling - A maximum concentration, not to be
  exceeded, for even a short period of time
• STEL - Short Term Exposure Limit
• 15 minute average exposure separated by minimum
  60 minute lower level exposure

33
EXPOSURE LIMIT SOURCES

• TLV - ACGIH - American Conference of Governmental
  Industrial Hygienists
• ANSI - American National Standards Institute
  (Consensus Standard)
• PEL - OSHA (Legal Standard) give legal status to
  PELs and various TLVs

34
INTENT OF TLV

• Professional Guidelines
• Not to be used as a fine line
• between safe unsafe
• Protect majority of workers against
• Impaired health
• Impaired bodily functions
• Cannot protect all workers
• Individual susceptibility
• Pre-existing conditions
• Exposure patterns
• Genetic differences

35
MISUSE OF TLVs

• Oversimplify Comparison of Toxicity
• Prove or Disprove Individual Cases
• of Disease
• Without Reference to Exposure Times
• A Fine Line Between Safe and Unsafe
• Without Reliable Statistical Validity
• of Sampling Results

36
IDENTIFYING AND CONTROLLINGSUSPECTED CHEMICAL
EXPOSURES
1. Observe the Operation 2. Review Appropriate
MSDS 3. Evaluate Exposure a. Direct Reading
Instruments b. Sample Collection
Devices 4. Determine Implement
Controls 5. Follow Up on Controls
37
METHODS TO CONTROLINDUSTRIAL HYGIENE EXPOSURES

• 1. Eliminate/Substitute Chemical(s) Used
• 2. Isolate the Operation
• 3. Engineering Controls
• a. Local Exhaust Ventilation
• b. Dilution Ventilation
• c. Other
• 4. Administrative Controls
• 5. Medical Controls

38
INTRODUCTION TO ERGONOMICS

• A. Ergonomics Ergon - Work
• Nomus - Natural Law
• B. Other Names Human Factors
• Human Engineering
• Biomechanics
• Work Physiology
• Engineering Psychology
• Engineering Anthropometry

39
ERGONOMICSVS.INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
A. Industrial hygiene is concerned primarily
with stressors and hazards from the
environment. B. Ergonomics is concerned
with stressors and hazards from the
job itself.
40
GOAL OF ERGONOMICS

• To Obtain a Good Match Between the Worker and the
  Job
• To Increase Productivity
• To Decrease Injuries
• and Disease

41
WORKPLACE DESIGNVS.PRODUCT DESIGNVS.SYSTEM
DESIGN
The Emphasis in this Unit is on Workplace Design
42
APPROACHES
A. Select and train the worker to fit the job -
traditional approach involving personnel and
medical departments. B. Design the job to fit
the worker - this is ergonomics, involving
industrial engineers and equipment
designers. C. Both of these approaches are
necessary - but deficiencies in job design
cannot always be compensated for by selection
and training.
43
SCOPE OF ERGONOMICS

• The scope of ergonomics
• as it relates to occupational safety and health
• includes the following topics
• A. Low back pain and the design of manual
  handling tasks
• B. Cumulative trauma disorders and the design of
  repetitive tasks
• C. Human fatigue and job design
• D. Anthropometry and workplace design
• E. Human error and equipment design
• F. Environmental stressors, such as vibration,
  illumination and temperature

44
WORKER CAPABILITIESAND LIMITATIONS

• In order to design jobs to fit workers,
• we must know something about the workers
• A. Physiological capabilities limitations
• B. Psychological capabilities limitations
• C. Anthropometric capabilities limitations

45
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES

• The two most important variables are
• age and sex.
• A. Anatomical differences
• 1. Size
• 2. Strength
• B. Physiological differences
• 1. Sensory Functioning (Vision Hearing)
• 2. Reaction Time
• 3. Metabolism

46
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES(Continued)

• C. Psychological differences
• 1. Behavior
• 2. Intelligence
• 3. Attitudes
• 4. Skills
• We must design jobs for workers as they really
• are - not as we would like them to be.

47
Cumulative Trauma Disorders CTD
Technology Department
48
Cumulative Trauma Disorders(defined)

• Musculoskeltal conditions that develop gradually
  over a period of time.
• Cumulative - Indicates that the injuries develop
  over a period of time.
• Trauma - Signifies bodily injury from mechanical
  stresses.
• Disorders - Refers to physical ailments or
  abnormal conditions.

49
Types of Cumulative Trauma Disorders

• Tendon Disorders - Dull, aching sensations
  associated with overusage and unaccustomed usage
  of a specific body part.
• Nerve Disorders - Partial or complete loss of
  sensory, motor and /or autonomic nerve function.

50
Tendon Disorders

• Tendinitis - Irritation of a tendon
• Tenosynovitis - irritation of a tendon and a
  tendon Sheaths
• Eipcondylitis - Elbow pain associated with
  extreme rotation of the forearm and bending the
  wrist.
• Ganglionic Cysts - Blisters containing synovial
  fluid.

51
Nerve Disorders

• Neuritis - Irritation of the nerve.
• Nerve Compression (Nerve entrapment syndrome)

52
Nerve Entrapment

• There are five tunnels in the forearm and wrist
  where nerve entrapment may occur.
• radial (radial nerve)
• pronator (median)
• carpal (median)
• cubital (ulnar nerve)
• ulnar or guyons canal (ulnar nerve)

53
Risk Factors

• Risk factors are job attributes or
  characteristics that contribute to the onset of
  cumulative trauma disorders injuries.
• Cumulative trauma disorders injuries are usually
  associated with a combination of risk factors.

54
Upper Extremity Risk Factors (primary)

• Repetitive Motion - The primary risk factor, but
  important when combined with other risk factors.
• Forceful Exertions - By fingers, wrist, elbow or
  shoulders the risk of CTDS more than either
  factor alone.
• Posture - Of the shoulder, elbow, wrist, and hand

55
Secondary Upper Extremity Risk Factors

• Mechanical pressure - Often produce by hand held
  tools with hard/sharp edges or short handles.
• Vibration - From impact tools, power tools, bench
  mounted buffers and grinders, etc.
• Cold Exposure - From working in cold environments
  or handling cold product.
• Gloves- decrease grip strength, tactile
  sensitivity, manipulative ability, etc.

56
Controls

• The basic control principle is to reduce the risk
  factors!
• Engineering Controls
• Administrative Controls

57
Engineering Controls (Job Design/Redesign)

• Automation
• Power tools.
• Work positioners
• Workplace design
• Environmental controls
• Hand tool design

58
Work Methods

• Job Rotation
• job enlargement
• Breaks
• Avoid incentive work
• Keep cutting edges sharp

59
Training (workers)

• Gradual break-in
• Pacing
• Use of power grip
• Avoid excessive exertion

60
Training (management)

• Ergonomic principles
• Early return to work