Biosecuritys Dirty Little Secrets

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BiosecuritysDirty Little Secrets!

• Julie Funk, DVM, MS, PhD
• Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine
• The Ohio State University

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Biosecurity

• BIO
• LIFE
• SECURITY
• Precautions taken to protect

Life Protection!
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Total disease exclusion is difficult!

• Goals
• Keep out diseases you dont have!
• Minimize the impact of those you do!

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Production impairing diseases

• PRRS
• APP
• Influenza
• TGE
• PRV
• Mycoplasma
• Swine Dysentery

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Foreign Animal Disease!

• FMD
• Vesicular diseases
• Swine cholera
• African Swine fever

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Food Safety Concerns

• Trichinella spiralis
• Toxoplasma gondii
• Salmonella

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2 Basic Concepts!

• Control movement of beasts
• Keep it clean

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Control movement of beasts

• Swine
• Rodents
• Wildlife
• Other animals
• People

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Main source of disease introduction?
?
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Rodents

• Bordetella bronchiseptica
• Salmonella
• Swine dysentery
• Leptospira
• Toxoplasma
• Trichinella

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Role of people?
?
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Basic concept 2!

• Keep it clean!

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PRRS Transmission
Otake et al., 2002 JSHAP
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Wash your hands!

• Row, row, row your boat
• 3times!!!!!!!!
• Use a nail brush
• In addition to PRRS
• Hand washing decreased Salmonella!
• Toilet facilities on site decreased Salmonella!

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Clothing

• Change boots and clothes!
• Between production groups
• Between sites

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But what about boot baths!
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First and foremost

• Boots must be clean BEFORE they can be
  disinfected!
• No disinfectant will work in the presence of
  feces!
• Water,brush, grate, drain!

http//www.biosecuritycenter.org/nbrctoc.htm
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BUT.

• Disinfection takes time!

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Amass, et al., 2000. SHAP 8(4)169-173.
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So how to manage it?

• Maybe have 2 pairs per person
• One on
• One disinfecting
• Supply boots for visitors
• Plastic boots ok if short visit
• No strenuous activity!

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Summary

• Control movement of beasts
• Keep it clean
• Cant disinfect if it isnt clean!

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Practical Aspects for Food SafetyIn Pork
Production

• Julie Funk, DVM, MS, PhD
• Veterinary Preventive Medicine
• The Ohio State University

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The Business of Food Production

• You are the frontline !
• Guarantee
• Quality of Food
• Genetics
• Disease
• Nutrition
• Environment

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The Business of Food Production

• Guarantee
• Safety of Food
• Antimicrobial residues
• Physical hazards
• Pathogen hazards

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Safety of Pork

• NPB Pork Quality Assurance
• Pre-harvest HACCP program
• Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point
• Good Production Practices
• represent critical control points
• Directed primarily toward chemical and
  antimicrobial residues, physical hazards

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Food Safety ConcernImpetus for emergence

• Large scale foodborne disease outbreaks
• USA, Sweden, Denmark
• Trade Concerns
• Demographic changes
• Older, immunocompromised, daycare, eldercare,
  eating out, women in the work force, demise of
  home economics, food industry consolidation

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Food borne disease in US

• 76 million illnesses
• 5000 deaths
• Known pathogens 14 million illnesses
• 1800 deaths
• 30 bacterial, 3 parasite, 67 viral

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Food borne disease in US

• Campylobacter, Salmonella, Yersinia
• More than 4 million illnesses alone
• Salmonella, Listeria, Toxoplasma
• 1500/1800 deaths

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Salmonella

• Over 2400 serotypes
• If it has a spine it is home to a salmonella!
• Some host adapted serotypes
• S. choleraesuis in swine
• Most swine (and other animals!) asymptomatic
• Survives well in environment

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Regulatory implications

• Regulatory action at slaughter and processing
• HACCP/Pathogen Reduction Rule
• Monitor E. coli 0157H7, Salmonella enterica and
  generic E. coli
• Increased interest in pre-harvest (on-farm)
  control

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What is the impact on swine farms?

• Since E. coli O157H7 not in swine (?)
• Generic E. coli only a measure of gross
  contamination
• Salmonella!

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Pre-harvest Interventions

• Sweden and Denmark
• Both programs
• Quarantine Salmonella herds
• Special slaughter
• Depopulate in some cases
• Mandatory on farm interventions
• Marketing penalties

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Salmonella enterica in swineUnited States

• Davies, et al (1997)
• 24.6 pig prevalence
• 83 farm prevalence
• NAHMS (1995)
• 6 pig prevalence
• 38.2 farm prevalence

• USDA (1998)
• 6.5-8.7 of carcasses

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Pre-harvest Control of Salmonella

• Not clear cut
• Complex epidemiology
• Salmonella are everywhere!
• U.S. has benefit of no large scale outbreak
• Scientifically and economically sound approaches

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Pre-harvest Control of Salmonella

• Interventions that appear to have promise
• Feed
• Physical attributes vs. contamination
• Coarse grind
• Acidification--Whey--Wet feed
• Aerosol transmission
• lower infectious dose!
• rapid

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Interventions with promise

• Hygiene practices
• Personnel
• Environmental
• Biosecurity
• Vaccines?
• Sodium Chlorate?

• Environmental control
• Season
• Temperature variation
• Stocking density
• Marketing group or density?

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Salmonella control?

• Practical advice
• Good Production practices!
• Keep abreast!
• See if there is a marketing advantage for you!
• Place yourself in position to take advantage!

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Pre-harvest Food SafetyTrichinella spiralis

• Probably the reason for porks good record!
• 500 cases/year in 1950s to lt50 now
• most associated with wild game
• APHIS .013 positive swine
• Virtually absent in North Carolina
• Modern production practices

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Trichinella spiralisPre-harvest control

• Well known risk factors for infection
• Control measures - benefit production

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Trichinella spiralisPre-harvest control

• HACCP approach proposed
• USDA APHIS
• Trichinae Certification Project
• Pilot Program
• http//www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/trichinae/
• http//porkscience.org/

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Trichinella spiralisPre-harvest control

• Avoids testing of all product ()
• EU tests all products (digestion tests)
• 572 million /yr

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Trichinella spiralisPre-harvest HACCP

• ID Hazard
• Trichinella spiralis infection of pork
• Where it can enter
• Incoming animals (need to have same controls)
• nutrition uncooked garbage, (table scraps!)
• biosecurity wildlife contact (skunks, raccoons)
• pest control rodents
• hygiene cannibalism (remove deads)

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Toxoplasma gondii

• Is probably the next pre-harvest target
• Well established risk factors
• Results in significant disease costs
• High case fatality rate
• Relatively high prevalence in swine
• 3-20
• Market pigsltsows

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Toxoplasma gondii
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Only need to add 1 more CCP

• Swine with cat exposure
• 9 X greater odds to be Toxoplasma positive!
• Cats must be controlled!

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Bottom Line

• Salmonella epidemiology complex
• Pre-harvest control challenging
• U.S. behind in the game
• Production of food vs. commodity
• Opportunity to define pre-harvest food safety
  management-Salmonella
• History of success!

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Bottom Line

• Trichinella and Toxoplasma
• Low prevalence (compared to Salmonella!)
• Known risk factors
• Production enhancing practices
• Certification readily attainable!
• Starting point!