How is an image formed

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How is an image formed?
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Convergent lens
Lenses refract light
Divergent lens
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Tutorial
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Tutorial
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Compound microscope
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Compound microscope
Total magnification Objective x eyepiece
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Microscope lenses

• More complex
• Many corrective coatings and additional lenses
• Objective is the important one

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Amount of refraction depends on angle
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Amount of refraction depends on wavelength of
light
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Curved lenses
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Using Oil Immersion increases NA
NAnsinu
nrefractive index
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Depth of Field and Image Depth

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The condenser focuses the light on the specimen
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Koehler Illumination Proper alignment of the
illuminating system Maximizes resolution and
contrast
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Tutorial
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Tutorial
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Field and condensor diaphrams
The condensor diaphram controls NA
Contrast effects
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N1 x sin(?1) N2 x sin(?2)
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Field curvature
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Biology dic and electronic processing--can see
microtubules because of diffraction