Diapositive 1

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Self-determination of motivations and sport An
overview of eight studies
Julie Boiché, PhD student
Greeley, the 23rd of November 2004
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2001-2002
Master student (1rst year) - Maîtrise
Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Comportement
Social
Université du Québec à Montréal
Advisors Robert Vallerand Frederick Grouzet
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OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY
Theoretical framework
Hierarchical Model of Intrinsic and Extrinsic
Motivation (Vallerand, 1997)
Purposes of the study
? Confirmation of the results about the
undermining effects of a competitive context on
the dynamic of motivation in a natural setting

• Examination of the role played by sportmanship
  in the dynamic of
• motivation

• Investigation of intergroup relationship
  perceptions and their relation
• to the dynamic of motivation

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OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY
Sample
153 students (M24,6 y.o 34 females, 119 males)
Involved in a team sport (basket-ball, soccer,
volley-ball, hockey-cosom) 2 contexts of
participation recreation or intramural league
Measures
? Self-Determination of Motivations (global level)
? Self-Determination of Motivations for sport
(contextual level)
? Sportmanship (5 subscales)
? 3 psychological needs (autonomy, competence,
relatedness)
? 3 types of motivational outcomes (affects,
behaviors, intentions)
Procedure
3 times of measure at the Recreation Center
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RESULTS (1)
Motivation (global)
Context (competition  1 recreation  -1)
Motivation in sport
R².42
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RESULTS (2)
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Behaviors with teammates
RESULTS (3)
.46
R².15
.29
Behaviors with opponents
Respect of conventions
R².31
-.41
Behaviors opposite to the spirit of sport
Motivation in sport
.42
R².21
Positive affects
.34
R².25
.34
satisfaction
R².17
.24
interest
R².21
Intentions to continue
R².12
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2002-2003
Master student (2nd year) - DEA
Laboratoire Sport et Environnement Social
Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble
Advisor Philippe Sarrazin
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STUDY 1 2
Theoretical framework
Self-Determination Theories (Deci Ryan, 2000
Vallerand, 1997)
Self-Regulation Theory (Carver Sheier, 1998)
Application
Sport or exercise persistance vs dropout
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Hypothesis 1 Negative relationship between
self-determination and conflicts
Hypothesis 2 Negative relationship between
conflicts and persistance
self determination of motivation
persistance
conflicts experienced
Hypothesis 3 Conflicts are mediating the effects
of self-determination on persistance
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Study 1
Sample
278 students from 5th, 8th and 11th Grade M15,2
y.o 152 males and 126 females
Procedure
Questionnaire during a physical education class
( 20 minutes) different versions depending on
the participation in sport out of PE
Measures
? Self-determination of motivations for sport
? Self-determination of motivations for school
? Self-determination of motivations for
interpersonal relationship
? Perceived importance of 5 social roles and
perceived competence (school, family, friendship,
intimate relationship, sport)

• Degree of conflict between sport the other
  roles

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Results
-.09
motivation school
conflict sport/ school
.25
-.20
motivation sport
-.09ns
activity dropout R².13
Conflit sport/ family
.11
motivation family
-.02ns
-.19
.35
motivation friendship
-.04ns
Conflit sport/ friendship
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Study 2
Sample
103 adults (95 females, 8 males) involved in an
exercise program
Procedure
T1 distribution of the questionnaire during a
class T2 control of the assiduity of
participants by the instructor
Measures
? Self-determination of motivations for sport
? Self-determination of motivations for work
? Self-determination of motivations for the family

• Degree of conflict between sport the other
  roles

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Results
degree of conflict R².18
assiduousness R².22
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STUDY 3
Purpose of the study
Test of a specific hypothesis of the hierarchical
model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
relative to the conflict between an activity for
which one is intrinsically motivated and one for
which one is extrinsically motivated
Procedure
Experimental study among sport sciences students
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Intrinsic activity judo
Extrinsic activities experimental tasks
physical task gt balance task cognitive taskgt IQ
exercises
2 independant variables manipulated to create 4
experimental groups
Motivation for judo (2 types of participants)
Presence of a conflict during tasks completion
(judo video)
3 dependant variables performance,
concentration, perceived competence
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Motivation for judo
Presence of a conflict
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10
10
10
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? ? ?
Results
No
No control of the initial level before the
assigment to a group
Intrinsic motivation for the tasks
Problem with the location of the TV
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2003-2004
PhD student (1rst year)
Laboratoire Sport et Environnement Social
Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble
Advisor Philippe Sarrazin
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STUDY 1
Purpose
Replication of the study with adult sample
involved in exercise
Sample
Sample more important, balanced for gender and
two contexts of exercise
Procedure
Same procedure (T1 questionnaire, T2 control of
adherence)
Measures
Same measure but more reliable scales
assessment of the variability of personality
between social roles (exercise, work, family)
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STUDY 2
Purpose
Examine the evolution of the dynamic of
motivations and conflicts linked to sport
participation from a developmental point of view.
Sample
Students of two colleges and one lycée (middle
and high schools)
Procedure
Follow-up of the same students during 3 years
assessment of the same variables each year. T1
december 2003-january 2004.
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Measures
? Self concept (drawing procedure)
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1) List the important things in your life
(persons, activities)
2) Class those different things (there can be tie)
3) Draw your own cake, following the example, by
giving a big portion to the most important things
and a smaller portion to the less important things
4- my friend Peter
1- my family
3- school
2- play piano
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Measures
? Self concept (drawing procedure)
? Physical self-perceptions (appearence, global
self-worth, sport competence physical
satisfaction, importance of sport).
? Sport involvment in addition to PE (nature,
length, context, modality and intensity of
practise)
? Self-determination of motivations for sport,
school, friendship
? Perceptions of autonomy, competence,
relatedness in sport
? Perceived conflict/compensation between sport
and the other domains
? Gender stereotypes relative to sport
importance, competence and utility
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STUDY 3 (this study was granted by the commitee
for Youth and Sport of Drome)
Purpose
Comparison of a sample of sport participants and
a sample of former athletes who ceased their
participation in the same activities.
Sample
250 sport participants and 110 former
participants of the 12 most popular activities
among youth (soccer, basketball, rugby, handball,
judo, horse riding, rock climbing, gymnastics,
tennis, table tennis, ski, cyclism). 136 girls
and 224 boys participated.
Procedure
800 questionnaires were distributed in clubs for
the participants sample (rate of answer 31)
450 questionnaires were mailed for the
dropout Sample (rate of answer 24).
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Measures
1) Personal variables
motivations
autonomy, competence, relatedness
value of the activity
rumination
commitment
barriers and conflict
satisfaction
gender stereotypes
2) Perceived parental variables
value of the activity
involvement
past/current port participation
goal conflicts
perceptions of competence and autonomy
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Measures
3) Perceived teammates variables
value of the activity
involvement
goal conflicts
competence, autonomy, relatedness
4) Perceived coach variables
value of the activity
involvement
goal conflicts
ego/mastery climate
competence, autonomy, relatedness
relationship
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Results
participants
dropout
1) Personal variables
intrinsic motivation
5,15
4,69
introjected regulation
2,47
2,08
mastery goal
4,44
4,74
4,61
4,12
affiliation goal
4,62
4,07
challenge goal
4,28
value of the activity
5,05
autonomy
4,72
4,38
3,81
4,64
satisfaction
2,53
3,26
rumination
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Results
participants
dropout
2) Parental variables
3,54
involvement
4,18
2,26
2,54
goal conflict
3) teammates variables
involvement
4,71
4,23
goal conflict
2,93
3,30
3,91
value of the activity
4,29
4,19
4,49
competence
4,02
relatedness
4,36
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Results
participants
dropout
4) Coach variables
4,96
4,45
involvement
2,30
1,97
goal conflict
5,19
4,67
mastery climate
3,33
3,77
relationship
competence
4,28
4,53
relatedness
4,51
4,10
improvement
4,80
4,51
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2004-2005
PhD student (2nd year)
Laboratoire Sport et Environnement Social
School of health and human sciences
Advisors Philippe Sarrazin Bob Brustad
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Cross Cultural Study
peers in the sport context
persistence/ dropout
peers out of the sport context
value/ identity
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Thank you very much for your attention!!