Thematic Mapping Principals with Census Data

1
Thematic Mapping Principals with Census Data
2
Day One

• Morning
• Geographic Information Systems
• Context Concepts of Thematic Mapping
• Overview of ArcView 8.x
• Loading Displaying Data
• Exercises
• Afternoon
• The Modifiable Aerial Unit Problem Others
• Primary Extended Elements of Every Map
• Navigating Exporting Data
• Exercises

3
Day Two

• Morning
• Selecting Exporting Data
• Manipulating Spatial Non-Spatial Data
• Thematic Mapping Principals
• Exercises
• Afternoon
• Thematic Mapping Principals
• Descriptive v.s. Exploratory Mapping
• Multivariate Thematic Mapping
• 3-Dimensional Thematic Mapping
• Overview of Resources
• Exercises

4
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
5
Geographic Information System

• Data Management, Visualization, Analysis and
  Modeling.
• Preparedness, Detection, Surveillance, Response
  and Communication.

6
Geographic Information System

• Points
• Crimes
• Stop Lights
• Lines
• Streets
• Rivers
• Polygons
• Buildings
• Jurisdictions

Maps
Databases
7
GIS A Generic Definition

• GIS is a special kind of information system.
• It is a database that stores geometry for
  locations that are represented as points, lines
  or as polygons, i.e. it is a spatial database.
• Is uses geometry and non-geometrics data to
  produce information about places.
• It includes database manipulation capabilities
  along with visual display and manipulation.
• It is not just software, but a system of many
  components.

8
GIS A Comprehensive Definition

• a system of computer hardware and software and
  procedures used by people to collect, manage,
  manipulate, analyze, and display data with
  spatial characteristics to produce information
  about locations or places.

9
Are Spatial Databases

• Are extensions of Relational Database Management
  Systems.
• Solve problems of spatial nature, that is
  embedded space.
• Data are
• Embedded in d-dimensional space.
• Features are accessed through location.
• Feature structures are more complex.
• Founded on Computational Geometry.
• Approaches range from utilitarian to abstract.
• Solves practical geometric trigonometry
  problems.
• Uses proof-based geometry trigonometry.
• Calls upon axioms, postulates and definitions
  from geometry trigonometry.

10
Are A System

• People
• Technicians configure and maintain the system.
• Analysts use the system to extract information
  from specific answers.
• Managers provide protocols and procedures for
  work flow.
• Procedures
• Collection creating acquisition of both
  spatial and non-spatial data.
• Behavior establish rules for how data can be
  created, edited or analyzed.
• Access establish rights for viewing, editing or
  dissemination.
• Software
• Mapping Analysis display, geometrical
  computation spatial analysis.
• Statistical both exploratory confirmatory
  classical statistics.
• Other multimedia uses
• Hardware
• Main CPU or Server
• Other Peripherals

11
Types of GIS

• Mapping Information System (MIS)
• Is used for simple queries and map display with
  little or no analysis capabilities.
• Geographic Information System (GIS)
• Is used for more complex queries light spatial
  analysis with visualization tools.
• Spatial Information System (SIS)
• Is used for complex queries, spatial data
  analysis and modeling with advanced visualization
  tools.

12
Capabilities of GIS

• Map Display
• Spatial Non-Spatial Queries
• Spatial Analysis
• Spatial Data Analysis
• Spatial Modeling

13
Map Display
Map display is the simple displaying of
geographic data over a medium. In the case of
GIS, this means on the computer screen and/or
plotter. This method is designed for the
presentation of data as it is distributed over
space. It provides answers to the where
questions we ask when solving problems. For
example, it may display a map of all political
jurisdictions of Montgomery County and label
them. In another case, the system may be
directed to place markers identifying the
location of health service centers across the
County, simultaneously, with all major roads.
14
Spatial Queries Map Display
Spatial queries are questions posed to a database
to retrieve records based on a location or
proximity to a specific geographic entity. Such
an example would be a query for a set of service
center locations in relation to a specific area.
The result may be a list of all health service
centers in southern Montgomery County. Another
result may produce a selection of all bus stops
that are two miles from a particular health
service center and, again, produce a list of all
stops.
Spatial Queries with Map Display is the
combination of the first two uses, where the
results of a spatial query are displayed on a
map. An example would be a query of all bus
stops within 2 miles of a health service center.
Not only would a list be produced of those stops
but they would be displayed on a map as well in
the context of a set of street and other entities
of the built environment.
15
Spatial Analysis
Spatial Analysis, is a method of super-imposing
multiple map layers upon each other to analyze
characteristics of geographic features
represented in those layers. A calculation of
average travel distances between health service
centers and their respective clients, for
instance, could be done by the systems
utilization of three map layers, which hold the
locations of the service centers, the locations
of clients, and the road network in the County.
For example, GIS can calculate statistics such as
the minimum, mean, and maximum distances that
clients would have to travel to each health
service centers, as well as display the best
route to each center noting public transportation
stops.
16
Spatial Data Analysis Modeling
-       Spatial Data Analysis is a method of
identifying and depicting spatial trends as they
are distributed across space. Spatial Modeling,
through spatial data analysis, gives decision
makers the opportunity to explore scenarios by
simulating events and the respective results.
These models attempt to incorporate
socio-demographic or cultural factors with
discrete geographic features thereby offering a
dynamic analysis of social phenomenon over space
and through time. There are three types of
spatial modeling   1) Data correlation is the
examination of positive/negative changes of
comparable sets of geographic entities. This
offers an understanding of what data is necessary
to test a proposed hypothesis and how data should
be organized and integrated to understand the
impacts of those changes.
17
Spatial Data Analysis Modeling
2) Explanatory or Predictive modeling is the
analysis of patterns from data observations that
are identified and applied to explanatory or
predictive statistical methods, such as spatial
regression or other probability models.  3)
Dynamic simulation is a scenario-based activity
of imitating real events to characterize,
understand, and evaluate the impact of decisions
over time and space. This offers decision makers
the opportunity to pose what if questions to
data in order to determine the best course of
action. This can be done in a two or three
dimensional environment depending on what is
being modeled.
18
GIS as an Analytical Extension
GIS can serve to integrate multiple disparate
data sets, extend analytical capabilities, and
enhance decision making by one or more of the
following ways   1) Integrating Disparate Data
Sets. By nature, GIS serves as an integrator of
data across many offices within an organization,
as well as outside the organization. Though
organizations have many disparate data sets,
these data sets, when integrated, there are often
one common element, location. Two data sets may
not appear to be related if looked at through
standard Information Systems (IS) technology.
But, when viewed through a GIS, spatial
relationships may become apparent simply because
data share the same geographic space.
Reeve, Derek. and Petch, James. (1999) GIS,
Organizations and People A Socio-technical
Approach Taylor Francis, New York, New York.
19
GIS as an Analytical Extension
2) Extending Analysis. Numbers and narratives
alone provide only part of the picture when it
comes to data analysis. Statistics and their
corresponding descriptions often provide a good
deal of insight into what is being studied.
However, displaying the data on a map may not
only reveal relationships not readily apparent
from the statistics the map may provide an
entirely different view often more revealing than
any other. Statistics and narratives may be
incapable of revealing trends that become
apparent when data are displayed on a map.
3) Enhancing Decision-Making. When analysis is
extended and data sets are integrated, the
logical result is the ability to make enhanced
decisions. In any economic climate, resources
are never abundant enough, and organizations have
to make the best decision with what resources are
available. GIS compliments the decision-making
process by providing a complete and more
comprehensive view of the problem at hand. This
is consistent with the tasks carried out in every
office within most agencies.