World War II

1
Chapter 15

• World War II

2
Section1

• The Road to War

3
The Rise of Dictators

• 2 reasons why Americans focused on U.S.A.
• Suffering from Great Depression
• Enormous cost of victory of WWI
• FDRs Good Neighbor Policy
• The U.S. would not interfere in the internal
  affairs of its Latin American neighbors

4
Mussolinis Rise in Italy

• Benito Mussolini
• Il Duce
• Promised change
• Modernizer
• Order and efficiency
• Restore Italys power in Mediterranean
• Leader of Fascist Party
• Model of strength and determination
• Rebuilt Italys economy, society, and regional
  power

5

• Fascistsa follower of a political philosophy
  that preached nationalism and racism
• Totalitariana govt. controlled by a single
  person or party which suppresses freedom and
  controls every aspect of life

6
Hitler Founds the Nazi Party

• Adolf Hitler
• National Socialist German Workers Party
• Eliminate the differences between the rich and
  the poor
• Aryan race
• Jews were to blame for Germanys economic problems

7
Building the Third Reich

• July 1932Nazi party became most powerful party
  in Germany
• Jan. 1933Hitler became Chancellor
• Feb. 1933suspended most of Germany civil rights
• Military swear personal allegiance to Hitler
• Aug. 1934Hitler became fuehrer
• Third Reich
• Totalitarian dictator
• Hitler began to rebuild the military
• 1936sent troops into the Rhineland

8
The Axis Tests Its Strength

• Hitler and Mussolini both wanted to expand their
  territory
• 1936alliance formed
• Axis Powers
• http//www.hyperhistory.net/apwh/art/maps/m23axisp
  owersch.htm

9
Fighting the Spanish Civil War

• 1936
• Republican vs. Fascist
• Pro-monarchy wanted to overthrow democratic
  constitution
• General Francisco Franco
• Mussolini and Hitler sent aid
• G.B., France, U.S.A. remained neutral
• Franco won

10
Appeasing Hitler in Munich

• March 1938Hitler conquered Austria
• Sept. 1938Sudetenland
• France and G.B. agreed to give Hitler the
  Sudetenland if Hitler promised not to take any
  more territory in Europe
• Appeasementthe policy of compromising or giving
  in to the demands of a hostile nation in the hope
  of keeping peace

11
Invading Poland Leads to War

• Feb./March 1939Hitler seized the rest of
  Czechoslovakia
• Aug. 23, 1939Germany and Soviet Union signed a
  nonaggression pact
• Sept. 1939Hitlers tanks and air force invaded
  and bombed Poland
• Blitzkrieglightning war an intensive attack
  combining air and land forces
• Sept. 3, 1939G.B. and France declared war on
  Germany and WWII began

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13
The Rise of Militarism

• 1930s, Japans military leaders began a policy
  of territorial expansion
• Japan wanted raw materials, to be secure, and
  self-sufficient
• Japan wanted Manchuria and East Asia

14
Japan Invades Manchuria

• Northern China
• Abundant resources
• Sept. 1931Japan attacked Manchuria and gained
  control in Sept. 1932
• Manchukuo
• League of Nations condemned Japan for its
  aggression

15
Shutting the Open Door

• U.S. was concerned that Japan would conquer China
• Japan might close Chinas Open Doors of trade
• U.S. would lose 100 million a year

16
The China Incident

• 1937
• Japanese troops moved south from Manchuria
• Killed thousands of Chinese civilians
• Shanghai and Nanjing
• Full-scale war
• U.S. gave strong words against the Japanese

17
Nonneutral Neutrality

• Neutrality Acts
• 1936
• Prohibited the sale of weapons to nations at war
• Keep American citizens from traveling on ships
  belonging to warring countries
• Countries at war pay cash for nonmilitary goods
• Strong anti-war sentiment

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• FDR began to prepare U.S. military to enter WWII
• 1938300 million
• 19391.3 billion
• Used to build tanks, guns, planes, etc.

19
Section 2

• The War Begins

20
Hitler Crushes Europe

• April 9, 1940
• Hitler invaded
• Denmark
• Norway
• Netherlands
• Belgium
• Luxembourg

21
France Surrenders

• French and British troops were positioned on the
  Maginot Line (border of Germany, Belgium,
  Switzerland)
• May 1940German tanks invaded France across
  Belgium
• Maginot Lines failure demoralized France
• http//www.britannica.com/eb/article-9049999/Magin
  ot-Line

22
France Surrenders (cont.)

• May 28-June 4, 1940
• British Navy saved 338,000 British and French
  troops
• June 10Italy declared war on France
• France vs. Italy in the South
• France vs. Germany in the North
• June 14Germany captured Paris
• June 22France surrendered

23
The Battle of Britain

• Summer of 1940all out attack on G.B.
• Royal Air Force shot down many German planes
• http//www.battle-of-britain.com/BoB2/Downloads/So
  unds.htm
• Sept. 1940 to May 1941
• Hitler attacked G.B. at dark
• Bombing raids every night
• Killed 20,000 Londoners
• Destroyed Coventry and most of London

24
The Americans Respond

• Interventionismthe policy of intervening, or
  interfering, in the affairs of another nation
• Isolationismavoidance of conflicts and alliances
  with other nations

25
The Americans Respond (cont.)

• Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies
• Interventionists
• U.S. should give all possible support to Britain
  short of declaring war on Germany

• Committee to Defend America First
• Isolationists
• U.S. should keep out of Frances business
• Roosevelt cautiously aided Allies but did not
  publicly attack fascism

26
Selective Service

• Selective Training and Service Act
• 1st peace-time draft
• All men ages 21-35
• 1 million men
• 1 year of service
• Only in Western Hemisphere
• http//www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-selectiv.html
  
• Strengthen U.S. defenses and keep the U.S. out of
  war
• 1940FDR elected to 3rd term

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Lend-Lease

• March 1941
• Gave the President the right to sell, lend, or
  lease military supplies to any nation vital to
  the defense of the United States
• 7 billion budget
• Ended up at 50 billion
• Weapons, vehicles, supplies to Allies
• Economically U.S. was at war with Germany

28
1941

• Spring
• German U-boats began to sink U.S. and British
  ships
• Summer
• U.S. Navy guarded British ships on the Atlantic
• Destroy enemy submarines that threatened them
• Fall
• Roosevelt ordered the navy to shoot Axis vessels
  on sight
• Congress allowed armed American merchant ships to
  carry munitions directly to G.B.

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1941 (cont.)

• Undeclared war with Germany
• June 1941
• Germany attacked Soviet Union
• U.S. extended Lend-Lease aid to USSR

30
The Atlantic Charter

• August 1941
• Roosevelt and Churchill
• Agreed on a set of common principles establishing
  their goals for a postwar world
• Each nations right to choose its own govt., free
  from fear of aggression

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The Atlantic Charter (cont.)

• Create an international organization to protect
  the security of all countries (UN)
• Sept. 24
• Officially signed by 17 nations

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The Japanese Threat Increases

• Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
• Japanese plan for the future of Asia
• July 1940
• In reality a Japanese Empire
• Much of China, Southeast Asia, and the western
  Pacific
• Sept. 27, 1940
• Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis

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The United States Responds

• U.S. applied economic pressure
• FDRs goal was to limit Japanese expansion by
  cutting off supplies without provoking Japan to
  war
• FDR placed an embargo starting in 1940
• By July 1941, FDR froze all Japanese assets in
  the U.S. and ended all trade with Japan
• U.S. began to fortify the Philippines and build a
  two-ocean navy
• Oct. 1941U.S. said they would resume trade with
  Japan only if Japan withdrew from China and
  Indochina

34
Yamamotos Plan

• Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto
• Advised attacking U.S. at Pearl Harbor
• Deliver a knockout blow to the American Navy

35
Section 3

• The United States at War

36
December 7, 1941

• Japanese Attack Pearl Harbor
• Less than 3 hours
• Japan destroyed 19 ships (5 battleships) and 158
  planes
• 2,400 American killed
• Pearl Harbor aroused and united Americans

37
Mobilizing at Home

• Dec. 8Congress declared war on Japan
• A few days later, Germany and Italy declared war
  on U.S.A.
• U.S. was fighting a global war on 2 fronts

38
Boosting the Number of Troops

• 19411.8 million troops
• 19423.9 million
• 1943about 8 million
• 1945about 12 million
• End of WWII15 million men and 216,000 women
• Reasons to enlist
• Patriotism
• Anger toward the Axis
• Desire for adventure
• joblessness

39
Minorities in Uniform

• 1 million African Americans
• Military was officially segregated
• All African American units were commanded by
  white officers
• Often given jobs as cooks or laborers
• 350,000 Hispanic Americans, Japanese Americans,
  Native Americans (code messages) all faced
  discrimination

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The European Front

• Roosevelt and Churchills top goal was to defeat
  Germany
• Unconditional surrendera surrender without any
  concessions

42
Invasion of the Soviet Union

• June 22, 1941Germany invaded U.S.S.R.
• Germany troops surrounded Leningrad for almost
  900 days
• 1/2 million residents starved to death
• Spring 1942Germany attacked oil fields in
  southwestern Russia
• Sept. 1942300,000 Germans attacked Stalingrad
• Feb. 1943Germans surrendered
• Halted Germans eastward movement
• Turning point in Europe

43
Allied Offensives

• Nov. 1942, American and British troops landed in
  North Africa
• El Alamein
• Egypt
• British won
• Turning point in Mediterranean
• May 1943Allies controlled North Africa

44
Allied Offensives (cont.)

• Allies used bases in North Africa to launch an
  invasion of Southern Europe (Sicily)
• Sept. 8Italy unconditional surrender to the
  Allies
• Germany still fought to control Italy
• June 9, 1944Rome was liberated

45
D-Day

• June 6, 1944
• Largest combined land-sea-air invasion
• Operation Overload
• Normandy, France
• Allies came ashore before dawn
• Secured beachhead and then they moved into France
• Allowed Allies to focus on pushing Germany out of
  France

46
The Beginning of the End

• Allies dominated the skies (fighter planes,
  bombers, spy planes)
• Aug. 25, 1944Paris was liberated
• By end of summer of 1944, France, Belgium,
  Luxembourg were free from the Nazis

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The Beginning of the End (cont.)

• Allies moved east toward Germany while Soviets
  moved west
• Allies gained an advantage at sea
• Sonar technologytechnology that detects
  submerged objects by means of sound waves
• Allies could locate U-boats

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The Beginning of the End (cont.)

• Battle of the Bulge
• Dec. 1944
• German counter-offense
• Border of Belgium and Germany
• 76,000 Allied soldiers killed or wounded
• Road to Germany was open
• Germany were pushed back

49
The Holocaust

• the final solution
• Jewish problem
• Concentration camps
• Slave labor, medical experiments, etc.
• Starved, beaten, shot, gas chambers
• Mass graves or cremated

50
The Holocaust (cont.)

• 6 million Jews were massacred
• 2/3s of total Jewish population in Europe
• 6 million Slaves, gypsies, Communists,
  homosexuals, etc. were also killed

51
Victory in Europe

• 1944-1945Nazi govt. was forced out by Soviets in
  eastern and central Europe
• Vienna and Prague
• Soviets claimed control not Allied forces
• http//www.ushmm.org/wlc/media_nm.php?langenModu
  leId10005137MediaId3376

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Victory in Europe (Cont.)

• 1945Soviets crossed Poland and British/American
  troops entered Germany through the Netherlands
• April 12, 1945FDR died
• Harry Truman became president
• April 30, 1945Hitler suicide
• May 2Berlin fell
• May 7Germany unconditional surrendered
• May 8, 1945V-E Day
• Power struggle developed between U.S. and USSR

53
The Pacific Front

• Early 1942, Japan had many victories in the
  Pacific
• Dutch East Indies, Burma, Wake Island, Guam,
  Philippines
• May 1942Coral Sea
• U.S. stopped Japanese movement south
• June 1942Midway
• 1st major Japanese defeat

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The Pacific Front (cont.)

• U.S. policy of island hopping
• Capture small island after small island
• Cut Japan off from supplies
• Be able to attack Philippines and Japan
• Douglas MacArthur

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Guadalcanal

• In Solomon Islands
• Aug. 7, 1942
• Very hot, jungle
• Lasted 6 months
• 1st territory Japan lost in WWII
• Japan lost 25,000 men

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• Early 1945Iwo JimaU.S. captured but lost 20,000
  men in 6 weeks
• Early 1945America recaptured the Philippines
• June 1944U.S. began air strikes on JapanNov.
  began bombing Tokyo
• Japanese military leaders refused to accept
  unconditional surrender

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August 6, 1945

• Enola Gay
• Dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima
• Killed 100,000 people instantly
• 100,000 died later
• Destroyed 4 square miles

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• Aug. 8, 1945
• U.S.S.R. entered war against Japan
• Aug. 9, 1945
• U.S. dropped an atomic bomb on Nagasaki
• Killed 40,000 more citizens
• Aug. 14, 1945
• Japanese government surrendered
• WWII lasted 6 years

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The Impact of War

• Cons
• 1st to bring mass civilian deaths
• Most devastating war in history
• Effected Asia and European cities, towns,
  villages, capitals
• Transportation systems were destroyed
• Economic systems were left in shambles
• U.S.S.R. lost more than 8 of their population
• U.S.A. lost less than 1 of population

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The Impact of War (cont.)

• Pros
• The demand for war supplies pulled the American
  economy out of the Great Depression
• Made U.S. more productive and prosperous
• Changes in society
• WWII brought varied and lasting changes