Arent Politics Fun

1
Arent Politics Fun

• http//tpmtv.talkingpointsmemo.com/2008/09/tpmtv_s
  unday_show_roundup_bett.php
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vieuA7nAOBXQeurlht
  tp//talkingpointsmemo.com/
• http//www.thedailyshow.com/video/index.jhtml?vide
  oId184086titlesarah-palin-gender-card

2
Brief History of Natural Resource Policy in
United States

• Origin traces to the Magna Carta in 1215 and
  common law in England
• Removed power for the King and placed it in the
  hands of Parliament
• Early US laws and Constitution based on English
• Preamble and Article I., Sec. 8 Promote General
  Welfare (Lacey Act)

3
Brief History of Natural Resource Policy in
United States

• Article I., Section 8., Clause 1 Levy Taxes
  (PR, DJ, WB, Duck Stamp)
• Article I., Section 8., Clause 3 Regulate
  Commerce (Lacey Act, Wetland regulations)
• Article I., Section 10., Treaty making prohibited
  to states and Article II, Section 2., Clause 2
  Make Treaties, appoint foreign representatives
  (MBTA)
• Article IV., Section 3., Clause 2 Make needful
  regulations on U.S. lands (Federal govt owns
  land and make regulations).

4
Brief History of Natural Resource Policy in
United States

• Amendments Bill of Rights, Article II Right
  to keep and bear arms (hunting)

5
Course of Environmental Policy

• Driven by
• A combination of policy successes and failures
• Changes in political leadership
• Gradual improvements in our understanding of the
  nature and interrelationships of environmental,
  social, and economic goals

6
Evolution of Policy

• Modern national environmental policy can be
  traced back to the mid 1800s.
• 1860s 1910 John Muir, Teddy Roosevelt,
  Gifford Pinchot,
• Strong Personalities
• Vocal, philosophical
• Emphasis on forests and forestry
• 1864 New York required a hunting license
• 1895 North Dakota required a hunting license

7
Evolution of Policy

• 1872 Yellowstone National Park
• 1880s All states had laws and game protections
• 1885 Division of Economic Ornithology and
  Mammalogy was formed lead to USFWS
• 1891 National Forest System 13 million acres

8
Evolution of Policy

• 1896 Geer vs. Connecticut 161 U.S. State had
  right to control wildlife but opened door for
  federal involvement by stating game belonged to
  all people
• 1897 Forest Service Organic Act original act
  governing the administration of National Forest
  lands
• 1900 Lacey Act 1st major Federal Law, amended
  in 1981, prohibited interstate transport of
  wildlife that had been taken contrary to state
  law

9
Evolution of Policy

• 1918 Migratory Bird Treaty Act
• 1920s
• Oil and irrigation received the most attention
• Development of water resources
• Recreation and Public Purposes Act of 1926
• Depression (1932-1939)
• Golden Age of Conservation
• Land planning and soil improvement/conservation
  (dust bowl)
• TVA, SCS (NRCS), CCC, Grazing Service
• Cooperative Research Units

10
Evolution of Policy

• Depression (1932-1939)
• Taylor Grazing Act of 1934
• Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act of 1934
• Migratory Bird Hunting and Conservation Stamp Act
  (Duck Stamp)
• Bald Eagle Protection Act of 1940
• Environmental appreciation increased

11
Evolution of Policy

• 1945-1960
• No single overriding natural resource issue
• Piecemeal conservation legislation
• Increase in private organizations Sierra Club,
  DU, Conservation Foundation
• Individuals became prominent in formation of
  policy
• Aldo Leopold
• Ding Darling

12
Evolution of Policy

• 1960s
• Heightened awareness of environmental concerns
• Social upheaval, civil rights, Vietnam
• Rachel Carson Silent Spring threat of toxic
  chemicals to people and environment
• Outdoor Recreation Resources Act 1958
• Created a commission that produced Outdoor
  Recreation for America 1962
• Guide management of public lands

13
Evolution of Policy

• 1960s
• White House Conference on Conservation
• 1962
• Discuss material aspects of resource conservation
• Conference on Natural Beauty
• 1965
• Maintain the momentum and visibility of
  environmental concerns
• Multiple Use Sustained Yield Act of 1960
• 1968 UN Biosphere Conference in Paris, France, to
  discuss global environmental problems, including
  pollution, resource loss, and wetlands
  destruction.

14
Evolution of Policy

• 1964 1968 Legislation enacted
• Wilderness Act of 1964
• Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of
  1965
• Land and Water Conservation Act of 1965
• Endangered Species Preservation Act of 1966
• National Historic Preservation Act of 1966
• National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968

15
Evolution of Policy

• 1968 Paul Erlich
• The Population Bomb describing the ecological
  threats of a rapidly growing human population
• The Club of Rome, a group of economists,
  scientists, and business leaders from 25
  countries, publishes The Limits to Growth, which
  predicts that the Earth's limits will be reached
  in 100 years at current rates of population
  growth, resource depletion, and pollution
  generation.

16
Evolution of Policy

• 1969 National Environmental Policy Act
• Passed in 1969, law on January 1, 1970
• Mandates that all federal agencies evaluate the
  environmental effects of their programs,
  especially on federal lands
• Section 101, provided the basis purpose for a
  national environmental program to create and
  maintain conditions under which man and nature
  can exist in productive harmony, and fulfill the
  social, economic, and other requirements of
  present and future generations

17
Evolution of Policy

• 1969 National Environmental Policy Act
• Section 102, provided specific instructions to
  the executive branch regarding implementation of
  the policy throughout government and providing
  specific requirements for major federal actions
  significantly affecting the quality of the human
  environment
• Environmental Impact Statement
• Council on Environmental Quality advisers
• Resulted in federal and state bureaucracies to
  change their approach to natural resource and
  environmental problems

18
Evolution of Policy

• 1970 Earth Day
• April 22, 1970
• 20 million citizens participated in
  celebration/recognition of the environment
• Jump started the 1970s, a decade of major
  environmental progress
• 1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment
• 109 recommendations for government action and
  push for the creation of the UN Environment
  Programme

19
Evolution of Policy

• 1970s
• Activism of 1960s resulted in social and
  political movement
• Society pulled together and everyone acknowledged
  that pollution and environmental degradation
  needed to become a national priority
• Cleaning up of nations polluted air, water, and
  lands was supported by scientists, politicians,
  and public
• 1973 The Convention on International Trade in
  Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
  (CITES)

20
Evolution of Policy

• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
• President Nixon attempted to streamline govt and
  consolidate environmental efforts
• Independent agency created because cabinet-level
  Departments were unwilling to relinquish programs
  and funding
• Created in December 1970 supposed to be
  apolitical

21
Evolution of Policy

• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
• Lead agency for federal regulation to prevent
  environmental damage and pollution
• Administers the legislative programs for water,
  air, radiation, and pesticide protection
• Roles
• Establishment and enforcement of environmental
  protection standards
• Conduct research on pollution and gathering
  pollution information

22
Evolution of Policy

• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
• Roles
• Assisting others through grants, technical
  assistance, and other means in arresting
  environmental pollution
• Assisting the Council on Environmental Quality in
  developing new policies on environmental
  protection to recommend to the President
• 1979 Three Mile Island

23
Evolution of Policy

• Enactment of Significant Legislation
• The Clean Air Act of 1970 revised in 1990
• The Clean Water Act of 1972 amended in 1977 and
  1987 (Federal Water Pollution Control Act)
• Federal Insecticides, Fungicides, and
  Rodenticides Act passed in 1947, amended in 1972,
  1988
• The Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974
• The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of
  1976
• The Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976
• Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972

24
Evolution of Policy

• Enactment of Significant Legislation
• The Comprehensive Environmental Response,
  Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) of 1980
  (Superfund)
• Endangered Species Act of 1973
• Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976
  (Organic act for BLM)
• National Forest Management Act of 1976 (Organic
  act for USFS)
• Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act
  of 1980

25
Evolution of Policy

• 1980s Environmental Backlash to 1970s
• Economic emphasis on environmental programs
• Decentralization
• Policy turned toward balancing environmental
  objectives with other economic and social
  priorities
• Carrying out environmental policies in place in a
  more efficient manner
• Thought that EPA/federal govt was becoming
  intrusive and costs being passed on to state and
  local governments

26
Evolution of Policy

• 1980s Environmental Backlash to 1970s
• Frequent and severe criticism directed at
  environmental policy coordinated attacks by
  business industry, property rights, and
  anti-environmental groups
• Balance environmental goals with private sector
  costs
• Become more decentralized and flexible in
  application
• Driven by incentives rather than regulatory
  prescriptions of government

27
Evolution of Policy

• 1980s Environmental Backlash to 1970s
• Environmental regulations and proposed solutions
  would now be required to undergo conventional
  cost-effectiveness tests and risk assessments
• Focus for decision making devolve from federal
  level to state and local communities
• 1983 The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and
  the U.S. National Academy of Sciences release
  reports concluding that the build-up of carbon
  dioxide and other "greenhouse gases" in the
  Earth's atmosphere will likely lead to global
  warming.

28
Evolution of Policy

• 1980s Environmental Backlash to 1970s
• Movement away from scientific recommendations
• Restrictions relaxed on public lands
• Environmental budgets slashed
• Carried over into 1994 elections Contract with
  America, which targeted environmental laws
• 1996 elections found the public rejecting these
  approaches

29
Evolution of Policy

• 1980s Environmental Backlash to 1970s
• Changed debate on how to accomplish environmental
  objectives
• Not much of a reversal in policy, but rather a
  cessation of legislative actions, public support,
  and policy expansion
• Late 1980s movement toward international issues
  climate change, deforestation, ozone depletion,
  chemicals (Bhopal - methyl isocyanate),
  Chernobyl,

30
Evolution of Policy

• National Fish and Wildlife Foundation
  Establishment Act of 1988
• North American Wetlands Conservation Act 1989
• 1988 E.O. Wilson publishes Biodiversity humans
  are rapidly undermining the Earth's ability to
  support its diversity of species.

31
Evolution of Policy

• 1990s Emerging focus on sustainable communities
• Based on societys relationship to the ecological
  and social environment in which they live
  Quality of life
• Counterbalance to the economic emphasis of 1980s
  Value of the environment
• Society has access to information to learn

32
Evolution of Policy

• 1990s Emerging focus on sustainable communities
• Ecosystem Management sustainability
• Humans part of ecosystems
• Ecological and social indicators environmental
  justice
• Office of Environmental Policy
• National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act
  of 1997 (Organic act)
• Neotropical Migratory Bird Conservation Act of
  2000

33
Evolution of Policy

• 2001 - 2007

34
Evolution of Policy

• 2007
• An Inconvenient Truth
• Live Earth Concerts
• Increasing societal acceptance of human-caused
  climate change
• Start of new green revolution
• Alternative sources of energy
• Climate change carbon footprint
• Loss of biodiversity

35
Evolution of Policy

• 2009
• Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009
• Designated more than 2 million acres of new
  wilderness, 1,110 miles of new wild and scenic
  rivers
• Model for resolving grazing conflicts on public
  lands
• Authorized ranchers to retire grazing allotments
  on gt2 million acres in Oregon and Idaho
• Govt pays permit holder to retire grazing
  allotments