Title: Introduction to Chemistry
1Chapter 1
- Introduction to Chemistry
2Chemistry
- What is
- A scientist?
- Anyone who is curious about something.
- A chemist?
- Anyone who is curious about chemistry.
- A chemical?
- A substance produced by or used in a chemical
process. - Any substance that has a definite composition.
- Everything is made of chemicals.
- Chemistry?
- The study of the composition of matter and the
changes that matter undergoes. - Matter?
- Anything that has a mass and occupies space (has
a volume).
3Chemistry
- Chemistry is called the central science because
it touches many other scientific fields. - Ex Agriculture, Electronics, Biology, Medicine,
Environmental Science, Computer Science,
Engineering, Geology, Physics, etc. - There are seven areas of study in chemistry
Analytical, Biochemistry, Inorganic, Nuclear,
Organic, Physical, and Theoretical.
4Chemistry
- Analytical The area of study that focuses on the
composition of matter. - Biochemistry The study of processes that take
place in organisms. - Inorganic The study of chemicals that, in
general, do not contain carbon. - Nuclear The study of radioactivity.
- Organic The study of all chemicals containing
carbon. - Physical The area that deals with the mechanism,
the rate, and the energy transfer that occurs
when matter undergoes a change. - Theoretical The use of mathematics and computers
to design and predict the properties of new
compounds.
5Chemistry
- The boundaries between these seven areas are not
firm. - A chemist is likely to be working in more than
one area of chemistry at any given time. - Some chemists enjoy doing research on fundamental
aspects of chemistry, which is called pure
chemistry. - Pure Chemistry The pursuit of chemical knowledge
for its own sake. - Most chemists do research that is designed to
answer a specific question, which is known as
applied chemistry. - Applied Chemistry Research that is directed
toward a practical goal or application. - In practice, pure and applied chemistry are often
linked. - Pure research can lead directly to an
application, but an application can exist before
research is done to explain how it works. - Ex Nylon and Aspirin.
6Chemistry
- The development of nylon and the use of aspirin
to prevent heart attacks belong to a system of
applied science called technology. - Technology The means by which a society provides
its members with those things needed and desired. - Technology allows humans to do some things more
quickly or with less effort. - It allows people to do things that would be
impossible without technology. - Ex Travel to the moon, Mars, etc.
7Chemistry
- Why study chemistry?
- Chemistry can be useful in explaining the natural
world, preparing people for career opportunities,
and producing informed citizens. - Ex
- Why do apples turn brown upon exposure to air?
- Why does the texture of eggs change when they are
cooked? - Why does water expand when it freezes?
- Do firefighters need to know anything about
chemistry? - Do farmers need to know anything about chemistry?
- Do photographers need to know anything about
chemistry? - Do you, as a citizen, need to know anything about
factories and industries in your area? - Where does all the money come from for research?
8Which field of science studies the composition
and structure of matter?
- Physics
- Biology
- Chemistry
- Geology
9The study of chemicals that, in general, do not
contain carbon is traditionally called what type
of chemistry?
- Bio
- Inorganic
- Physical
- Analytical
10Which of the following would a chemist be most
likely to study?
- A leaf floating on water.
- A leaf changing color in autumn.
- A leaf being blown by the wind.
- A leaf being eaten by insects.
11Which of the following best describes an example
of pure chemistry?
- Testing the effects of lower concentrations of a
drug on humans. - Studying chemicals containing carbon.
- Developing a cure for osteoporosis.
- Finding an antidote for a new strain of virus.
12Which of the following statements is false?
- Knowledge of chemistry allows the public to make
informed decisions. - Studying chemistry ensures that officials make
correct choices in funding technology. - Knowledge of chemistry helps prepare people for
careers in soil science. - Chemistry explains many aspects of nature.
13Chemistry Far and Wide
- Chemists design materials to fit specific needs.
- Example George de Mastral - Velcro
- There are two different ways to look at the
world. - Macroscopic The world of objects that are large
enough to see with the unaided eye. - Microscopic The world of objects that can be
seen only under magnification. - Both terms share the same root scop which means
to look at in Greek. - Macro Makr (Greek) large
- Micro Mikr (Greek) small
14Which of the following can be observed only in a
microscopic view?
- Foam insulation.
- X-ray of a knee joint.
- Shape of a soybean plant.
- Structure of a muscle cell.
15Chemistry Far and Wide
- There are many different areas of research in
chemistry - Examples Energy, Medicine, Biotechnology,
Agriculture, the Environment, the Universe, etc. - Your text discusses each on of these in depth, as
we discuss them, visualize a topic that you would
like to investigate. - Energy
- Chemists play an essential role in finding ways
to conserve energy (insulation), produce energy
(Ethanol/Biodiesel), and store energy (batteries).
16Which of the following is not an example of
chemistry research in the main area of energy?
- Producing hook-and-loop tape.
- Determining the usefulness of oil from soybean
plants. - Developing rechargeable batteries.
- Studying the effects of insulation.
17Chemistry Far and Wide
- Medicine and Biotechnology
- Chemistry supplies the medicines
(Prescription/Nonprescription), materials
(artificial limbs/organs), and technology (Human
Genome Project) that doctors use to treat their
patients. - Biotechnology Applies science to the production
of biological products or processes (Gene
Therapy).
18Chemistry Far and Wide
- Agriculture
- Chemists help to develop more productive crops
(more edible food/drought and insect resistant),
and safer, more effective ways to protect crops
(Nonspecific chemicals vs. Specific chemicals). - The Environment
- Chemists help to identify pollutants (lead) and
prevent pollution (bans in 1978 for leaded paint
and 1986 for leaded gasoline/water pipes).
19Chemistry Far and Wide
- Questions
- What percentage of children had elevated lead
levels in the 1970s? - If a percentage point equals 200,000 children,
how many children had elevated lead levels in
2000? - Explain the dramatic drop in the percentage of
children affected by lead poisoning between 1980
and 1988.
20Chemistry Far and Wide
- The Universe
- To study the universe, chemists gather data from
afar (i.e. the Moon, Mars, etc.) and analyze
matter that is brought back to Earth (what are
the made of?).
21Which of the following is an example of a current
research focus in chemistry?
- Development of smoke detectors for common use.
- Using hook-and-loop tape in the clothing
industry. - Applying gene therapy to treat certain diseases.
- Studying coal combustion as an energy source.
22Thinking Like a Scientist
- The word chemistry comes from alchemy.
- Alchemists developed the tools and techniques for
working with chemicals. - Ex Beakers, flasks, tongs, funnels,
mortar/pestle, etc. - Practical alchemy focused on developing the
techniques for working with metals, glass, and
dyes. - Mystical alchemy focused on concepts like
perfection (i.e. gold). - Alchemists did not provide a logical set of
explanations for the changes in matter that they
observed.
23Thinking Like a Scientist
- In the late 1700s, Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier
revolutionized the science of chemistry. - Lavoisier helped to transform chemistry from a
science of observation to the science of
measurement that it is today. - Lavoisier designed a balance that could measure
mass to the nearest 0.0005 grams. - Lavoisier also settled a long standing debate
about how materials burn. - He showed through experiments that oxygen was
required for materials to burn, not phlogiston, a
substance within a material that caused it to
burn.
24Which of the following was a major contribution
to chemistry by Antoine Lavosier?
- He showed that oxygen is required for material to
burn. - He demonstrated the presence of phlogiston in
air. - He encouraged scientists to form explanations
based on philosophical arguments. - He developed the science of alchemy.
25Thinking Like a Scientist
- In all branches of science, scientists use the
scientific method to solve difficult problems. - The scientific method is a logical, systematic
approach to the solution of a scientific problem. - Steps to the scientific method include making
observations, testing hypotheses, and developing
theories. - Observation is information that you have obtained
through your senses, and it often involves a
question.
26Thinking Like a Scientist
- Hypotheses are proposed explanations for an
observation. - A testable statement.
- Experiments are procedures that are used to test
hypotheses. - When you design an experiment, you deal with
variables, or factors that can change. - There are two different types of variables
- Manipulated Variable The variable that you
change during an experiment (independent
variable). - Responding Variable The variable that is
observed during an experiment (dependent
variable). - For an experiment to be accepted, the experiment
must produce the same results no matter how many
times it is repeated, or who is conducting the
experiment.
27Thinking Like a Scientist
- Theories are well-tested explanations for a broad
set of observations. - Ex The Big Bang Theory, Theory of Evolution,
etc. - In chemistry, theories can either address the
fundamental structure of matter, or they allow
you to predict the behavior of matter. - Theories leave the door open for the possibility
of change in the future as new observations are
made.
28Thinking Like a Scientist
- Scientific Laws are concise statements that
summarize the results of many observations and
experiments. - I.E. Law of Gravity, Law of Conservation of
Matter, Law of Conservation of Energy, etc. - A law doesnt try to explain the relationship it
describes, that explanation requires a theory.
29One characteristic of a scientific theory is that
- It can never be proved.
- It can be proved.
- It cannot be modified.
- It summarizes a set of observations.
30A theory is a
- Proposed explanation for a broad set of
observations. - Well-tested explanation for a broad set of
observations. - Summary of the results of many observations.
- Procedure used to test a proposed hypothesis.
31Which step in the scientific method requires you
to use your senses to obtain information?
- Revising a hypothesis.
- Designing an experiment.
- Making an observation.
- Stating a theory.
32The variable that is observed during an
experiment is called what type of variable?
- Independent.
- Manipulated.
- Controlling.
- Responding.
33Thinking Like a Scientist
- When scientists collaborate and communicate, they
increase the likelihood of a successful outcome. - Collaboration is a process defined by the
recursive interaction of knowledge and mutual
learning between two or more people who are
working together toward a common goal. - Collaboration is not always a smooth process as
conflicts can arise. - Communication is a process that allows beings -
in particular humans - to exchange information by
several methods. - I.E. The internet, phones, face-to-face, books,
journals, etc.
34Collaboration and communication are important in
science because
- Most research problems are not very complex.
- Most scientists have the knowledge to solve any
scientific problem. - They increase the likelihood of a successful
outcome. - They keep scientists from having to repeat
experiments.
35Problem Solving in Chemistry
- Effective problem solving always involves
developing a plan and then implementing that
plan. - The steps for solving a numeric word problem are
analyze, calculate, and evaluate. - Analyze What is known? What is unknown? What is
the plan? Diagram? Table? Graph? - Calculate Equations? Conversions?
- Evaluate Is the answer reasonable? Correct
units? Correct number of significant figures?
Scientific notation? - The steps for solving a conceptual problem are
analyze and solve.
36Problem Solving in Chemistry
- Example
- If your heart beats at an average of 72 times per
minute, how many times will your heart beat in an
hour? In a day?
37Problem Solving in Chemistry
- Example
- You are visiting Indianapolis for the first time.
Because it is a nice day, you decide to walk from
the Indiana State Capital to the Murat Centre for
an afternoon performance. According to the map ,
the shortest route from the capital to the
theater is 8 blocks. How many minutes will the
trip take if you can walk one mile in 20 minutes?
Assume that 10 short city blocks equals 1 mile.
38Problem Solving in Chemistry
- Example
- On the average, a baseball team wins two out of
every three games it plays. How many games will
this team lose in a 162-game season?
39Problem Solving in Chemistry
- Example
- How many days would it take you to count a
million pennies if you could count one penny each
second?
40Which of these steps should always be followed
for effective problem solving?
- Buying a larger quantity of material than
estimated. - Performing metric conversions.
- Developing a plan and then implementing the plan.
- Using a trial-and-error approach and then
evaluating.
41The step that usually comes last in solving
numeric problems is
- Calculate.
- Measure.
- Evaluate.
- Analyze.
42How do conceptual problems differ from numeric
problems?
- Solutions to conceptual problems involve
analysis, while numeric solutions do not. - Logic is not usually involved in solving numeric
problems. - A plan is necessary to solve numeric problems,
but is not necessary for conceptual problems. - Solutions to conceptual problems normally do not
involve calculations.