Internet Services in Vehicular Networks

1
Internet Services in Vehicular Networks

• Sangheon Pack
• 17 October 2006

2
Outline

• Introduction
• Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Communications
• Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications
• Open Issues
• Summary

3
Introduction (1/2)

• Ubiquitous wireless access
• Cellular System 2G/3G/4G
• WiMAX and Wibro
• WLAN and UWB/Bluetooth
• Distances between home and workplaces leads to
  daily commute by millions of people
• Persistent heavy traffic flow in and out of
  cities

4
Introduction (2/2)

• Wireless GENI Project in WPMC 2006
• Dr. Sanjoy Paul (Rutgers University, USA)
• Impact of Wireless Networks on E2E GENI
  Architecture
• Mobile Data
• Mobile P2P Caching and Opportunistic Data
  Delivery
• Ad-hoc Network Wireless Mesh Networks
• Cognitive Radio
• Sensor/Pervasive/Ubiquitous Systems
• Vehicular Networks Navigation, Safety, Car-to-Car

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Intelligent Transportation System (ITS)
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ITS

• Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)
• to add information and communications technology
  to transport infrastructure and vehicles (from
  Wikipedia)
• Telematics in IT839
• Telecommunications Informatics
• IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Society
• http//www.ewh.ieee.org/tc/its
• Related Projects
• PATH Project (UC Berkeley), Autonet (UC Irvine),
  MyBus (Univ. Washington), MIT ITS program, etc.

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Application (1)

• Car pileups
• Many recent incidents
• Long Beach October 2002 194 cars pileup due to
  localized fog
• Infrastructure based systems are NOT sufficient
• Update delays
• Signs may not be visible
• Manual systems too slow

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Application (1)

• Solution Virtual Front View
• Equip cars with wireless devices
• Devices can form dynamic peer ad-hoc networks
• Devices can connect to fixed and or mobile base
  stations
• Ad-hoc network can be used to provide real-time
  traffic information to upstream cars
• Analogous to instrument flying in airplanes

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Application (2)

• Vehicular road accident in a busy highway
• Delays in emergency vehicle reaching the accident
  point
• Broadband connectivity to hospitals to relay
  patients vital information
• Infrastructure may not be present
• Infrastructure may be overloaded

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Application (2)

• Solution Dynamic and simultaneous resource
  allocation in information and vehicular highway
  networks
• Use peer ad-hoc networks to send messages to
  reserve highway lanes for emergency vehicles
• Use peer ad-hoc networks to provide high
  bandwidth connectivity and bypass infrastructure
  limitations

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Application (3)

• Vehicular highway congestion causes high
  concentration of car emissions in a localized
  area
• Health hazard and environmental pollution
• Solution Modify car engine behavior with
  real-time traffic data exchanged using peer
  ad-hoc network
• Hybrid cars can switch mode
• Change idling speed
• Analogous to power management in laptops

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Vehicle-to-Infrastructure
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Infostations

• WINLAB, Rutgers University

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Service Concept

• Using radio hot-spots (e.g, WLAN) to
  deliver/retrieve context- and location-aware
  information to/from mobiles/sensors
• operation includes detection of Infostation,
  adaptive bit-rate selection, dynamic association,
  content caching and opportunistic data delivery

Internet
Low-speed wide-area access
Infostation
Mobile Infostation
Data Cache
Opportunistic High-Speed Link (MB/s)
Infostation cell
Opportunistic High-Speed Link (MB/s)
Ad-Hoc Network
Mobile User
Roadway Sensors
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Path-Thru MAC Protocol

• Mobile user passes through Infostation in sec
  during which MB files are downloaded/uploaded
• Requires modifications to conventional WLAN MAC,
  including fast synch, pre-authentication, etc.
• Motivates 2-tier arch with 10m service zone (for
  high-speed data transfer) and 50m access control
  zone (for sync, authentication, ...)

Infostations access point
Data cache
Low-speed control channel (for synch service
setup)
100 MB/s Fast transfer
Service Zone
Access Control Zone
Transit time sec Total transit time 10sec
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AdTorrent Digital BillBoards for Vehicular
Networks

• Network Research Lab., UCLA

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Digital BillBoard

• Every Access Point (AP) disseminates Ads that are
  relevant to the proximity of the AP
• Passing cars pick up the Ads
• What is an Ad?
• simple text message
• trailer of nearby movies
• virtual tour of hotels
• Business owners in the vicinity subscribe to this
  digital billboard service for a fee.

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Issues in AdTorrent

• Keyword Set Indexing to reduce Communication
  Overhead
• Epidemic Query Dissemination optimized for
  vehicular ad-hoc setting
• Swarming of actual content delivery
• Discourage Selfishness

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Wireless Data Access

• Centre for Wireless Communications, Univ. of
  Waterloo

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Proxy-based Wireless Data Access
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Vehicle-to-Vehicle
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CarTorrent Opportunistic Ad Hoc networking to
download large multimedia files

• Network Research Lab., UCLA

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One option Highway Infostation
Internet
file
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Basic Idea
Internet
Download a piece
Outside Range of Gateway
Transferring Piece of File from Gateway
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Cooperative Download
Internet
Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication
Exchanging Pieces of File Later
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FleaMarket

• Network Research Lab., UCLA

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Query Dissemination

• Query dissemination exploiting vehicle mobility
• Query originator periodically advertises its
  query to 1-hop neighbors
• Vehicles carry received queries w/o further
  relaying

Yellow Car w/ Q1
Q2
Q1
Red Car w/ Q2
Q2
Q1
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Distributed Query Processing

• Received query is processed to find a match of
  interests
• e.g., Q1 buy iPod / QM sell iPod / Q2 buy
  Car

(1) Find a matching query for Q2? No match found
Q2
QM
Cyan car w/ QM
(2) Send a match notification msg to the
originator of query QM
Q2
LocalMatchQM?Q1
(1) Find a matching query for QM ? Found query Q1
QM
Red car w/ Q2 carries Q1
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Transaction Notification

• After seeing a match, use Last Encounter Routing
  (LER) to notify seller/buyer
• Forward a packet to the node with more recent
  encounter

LocalMatchQM?Q1
Q1
T-1s
Green car
Cyan car
Yellow car
TRXRESP
TRXREQ
Q1
T
Blue car
Q1
T-5s
Originator of Q1
Red car
T-10s
Current Time T
Encounter timestamp
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Research Issue
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Data Link Layer

• Links between peers will be dynamic and unstable
• Notion of platoons
• Nodes leave and join platoons
• Communication links between platoon
• Platoon leaders
• Links with fixed and mobile (enhanced probe
  vehicles)
• Mobility is constrained and directional
• Fault-tolerance through redundancy

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Network Layer

• Addressing
• Dynamic addressing
• Highway, Direction, Lane, Platoon
• How will addresses be assigned?
• Smart cards and sensors at entry and exit points
• Routing
• Are current routing algorithms for mobile ad-hoc
  networks suitable for this application?
• Directional mobility
• Dynamic nature of the network

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Transport Layer

• Transport protocols are end-to-end
• TCP Transmission Control Protocol
• UDP User Datagram Protocol
• Close coupling of error control, flow control,
  and congestion control in TCP
• Very poor performance with unstable wireless
  links
• What are good transport layer protocols?
• Interactions with lower layer protocols

34
Application Layer

• Caching
• What are good caching algorithms for sharing data
  for this environment
• Application layer multicasting
• Dynamic application layer multicasting for
  streaming applications

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Security

• Access control
• Only authorized users can participate in the
  system
• Authenticity and integrity of information
• Denial-of-Service
• Refer to M. Raya, P. Papadimitratos, J. Hubaux,
  Security Vehicular Communications, IEEE
  Wireless Communications, to appear, 2006.

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Economic Model

• Incentive mechanism for user to participate
• Deploy wireless devices in the car
• Incentive mechanisms to participate in the ad-hoc
  network
• Internal currency
• External currency
• Bartering

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Summary

• Internet Services in Vehicular Networks
• Application-specific area
• Vehicle-to-Infrastructure
• Vehicle-to-Vehicle
• Impact on Future Internet
• One of possible killer applications
• New traffic/mobility model