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Intelligent Buildings Technology
Communication protocols EIBUS An example
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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Communication protocols EIBUS Main networks
• The Installation Bus is designed to provide
  distributed technical control for management and
  surveillance of buildings.
• Therefore it provides a serial data transmission
  between the devices connected to the bus. It also
  operates as a compatible, flexible low-cost
  system supporting the above applications.

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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Communication protocols EIBUS Main networks
• The Installation Bus is designed to provide
  distributed technical control for management and
  surveillance of buildings.
• Therefore it provides a serial data transmission
  between the devices connected to the bus. It also
  operates as a compatible, flexible low-cost
  system supporting the above applications.

Decentralized
Centralized
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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Communication protocols EIBUS

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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Communication protocols EIBUS Topology
• The EIB installation bus is a twisted-pair that
  is laid parallel to the mains power supply
  network. The Bus Line interconnects all sensors
  and actuators of an installation together.
• Sensors are command initiators such as switches
  and pushbuttons. Other types of sensors include
  temperature sensors, brightness sensors etc.
  Actuators are command receivers such as
  luminaries, blinds, heating, door openers etc.
• On each Bus Line up to 64 devices can be
  operated. Up to 12 such Bus Lines can be joined
  together with a Line Coupler to form one Bus
  Area. Up to 15 such Bus Areas can in turn be
  connected by means of an Area Coupler.

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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Communication protocols EIBUS Topology
• EIB is a fully peer-to-peer network, which
  accommodates up to 65536 devices.
• The logical topology allows 256 devices on one
  line.
• Lines may be grouped together with a main line
  into an area.
• 15 areas together with a backbone line form an
  entire domain.
• On open media, nearby domains are logically
  separated with a 16-bit SystemID.
• Without the addresses reserved for couplers, (255
  x 16) x 15 255 61.455 end devices may be
  joined by an EIB network.
• Installation restrictions may depend on
  implementation (medium, transceiver types, power
  supply capacity) and environmental
  (electromagnetic noise) factors. Installation and
  product guidelines should be taken into account..
  

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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Communication protocols EIBUS Topology

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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Communication protocols EIBUS Topology

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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Communication protocols EIBUS Media
• Several media, like Twisted Pair, Powerline,
  Radio Frequency and Infrared, today support the
  EIB protocol. It is of course always possible to
  connect gateways to other media.
• On EIB TP (Twisted Pair), bit-level collision
  detection with dominant logical 0 ensures that in
  case of collision, the transmission always
  succeeds for one of the communication partners.
  The resulting elimination of re-transmissions
  further enhances the performance of EIB TP.
  Together with EIB's powerful group addressing,
  EIB TP1 Collision Avoidance caters for extreme
  efficiency with reaction times 100 ms for two
  simultaneous transmissions. Fast polling allows
  up to 14 devices to be polled for 1 byte
  status-information within 50 ms. A physical TP
  segment may be up to 1000 m long.
• The electrical segments can have an arbitrary
  topology (i.e. linear, star, tree, loop or
  combinations of them) consisting of individual
  wiring sections as long as the electrical
  requirements (resistive and capacitive length)
  are not exceeded. Examples of such topologies of
  electrical segments are shown in Figure.

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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Communication protocols EIBUS Transmission
• The communication between a sensor (e.g. a
  switch) and an actuator (e.g. a lamp) is a
  sequence of operations (see Fig. 3.12). In the
  case of the EIB protocol, a switch - being
  uniquely defined by its physical address - can
  communicate to lamps using group addressing.
• The group addressing is based on the exchange of
  data coded with common rules between
  communication objects (mailboxes). A
  communication object is only able to transmit
  telegram on a single group address. On the
  opposite side, a communication object can be
  subscriber to several group addresses, allowing
  it to receive telegram from different emitters.
  That means all EIB Bus devices subscribers to the
  right group address (i.e. our lamp) will receive
  the command message from the switch.

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Intelligent Buildings Technology
Communication protocols EIBUS Transmission
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Intelligent Buildings Technology
Communication protocols EIBUS OSI
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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Communication protocols EIBUS Protocol
• The information exchange between two devices is
  achieved by transmission of data packets.
• Each data packet must be acknowledged. For every
  medium, the message frame is similar to

Message frame
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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Communication protocols EIBUS Protocol
• Some media will precede or follow this message by
  some medium specific sequences, characteristic
  for the medium's access control or error
  correction mechanisms. The data packet contains
  the following fields
• control field.
• source address field.
• destination address field.
• length.
• LSDU (Link Service Data Unit), i.e. info to be
  transferred.
• check byte.

Data packet
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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Communication protocols EIBUS
• Data management and addressing
• To manage network resources (e.g. when
  configuring an installation), EIB uses a
  combination of broadcast and point-to-point
  communication. Via broadcast (optionally using a
  device's unique serial number), each device in
  the installation is assigned a unique Physical
  Address, which is used from then on for further
  point-to-point communication.
• A connection (optionally with access
  authorization) may be built up, for example to
  download the complete 'applet' binary image of an
  application program.
• Management of EIB Bus devices connected to the
  Installation Bus can be addressed using two
  modes
• Physical addressing (system operation)
• Group addressing (normal operation).

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Intelligent Buildings Technology
Communication protocols EIBUS Data management
and addressing
Physical
Group
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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Communication protocols EIBUS Configuration
• Configuration of the bus system is achieved using
  the EIB Tool Software developed by the EIBA.
• The location and physical address of each bus
  device is entered in the architectural drawings.
• When an installation is complete, a serial
  interface from a personal computer configures the
  EIB system.

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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Communication protocols EIBUS Rehabiliation
• The EIB bus is well suited to exploitation in the
  rehabilitation field for the following reasons
• Availability of commercial products.
• Technology is open to third parties for
  exploitation.
• Development kits are available.
• Established network of training centres.
• The major drawback of the EIB bus is that the
  technology has so far only been applied in great
  measure to the twisted pair medium. This implies
  that if an existing home is to receive an EIB
  bus, a certain amount of re-wiring will need to
  take place. However, the technology can be
  applied to other media and products do exist for
  Infrared and Power Line media. The EIBA is also
  carrying out development for the coaxial cable,
  optical fiber and radio frequency mediums.

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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Communication protocols EIBUS Internetworking
• The EIB protocol does not communicate to
  communicate.
• The aim of communication is the interworking
  between sensors and actuators.
• The interworking pyramid, defines the different
  interworking degrees.
• It starts with the data format used and ends
  with the application functionality.
• It can be compared to a mail exchange where the
  communication object is the mailbox and the
  functionality the complete written order.

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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Communication protocols EIBUS Components
• EIB devices are divided into three types
  according to their use
• Basic components, such as power supply unit
  (PSU), choke, signal filter.
• System components, which support the basic
  operation of the system such as Bus Coupling Unit
  (BCU), Line Coupler (LC), Phase Coupler, Repeater
  
• EIB devices that are dedicated to applications
  such as sensors, actuators, IR-decoders, display
  panels. A Bus Coupling Unit or similar interface
  connects these types of devices to EIB.

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Intelligent Buildings Technology
Communication protocols EIBUS Components
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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Communication protocols EIBUS Components
• The definition of the various parts are
• Power Supply Unit (PSU) Provides power for
  feeding of EIB Bus devices (Safety Extra Low
  Voltage (SELV), 30 V DC nominal).
• Choke Provides the coupling of the Power Supply
  Unit to the data bus line.
• Data rail Mounted support with four tracks to
  distribute the bus onto DIN rail.
• Data rail connector Provides the connection
  between the bus cable and the data rail.

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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Communication protocols Lonworks
• Local Operating Network Technology is a
  universal, open standard networking platform
  created by Echelon Corporation for networks
  control.
• A LonWorks control network is any group of
  devices working together to monitor sensors,
  control actuators, communicate reliably using an
  open protocol, manage network operation, and
  provide local and remote access to network data.
• In some ways, a LonWorks control network
  resembles a data network, such as a LAN (local
  area network).
• Data networks consist of computers attached to
  various communications media, connected by
  routers, which communicate to one another using a
  common protocol.
• Network management software allows administrators
  to configure and maintain their computer systems.
  
• Control networks contain similar pieces optimized
  for cost, performance, size, and response
  characteristics of control.
• They allow networked systems to extend into a
  class of applications that data networking
  technology cannot reach.

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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Communication protocols Lonworks
• Like the computer industry, the control industry
  was, and in many cases is, creating centralized
  control solutions based on point-to-point wiring
  and hierarchical logic systems.
• This meant that there is a "master" controller,
  like a computer or programmable logic controller,
  physically wired to individual control,
  monitoring and sensing points, or "slaves."
• The net result worked, but was expensive and
  difficult to maintain, expand, and service.
• It was also very expensive to install especially
  for retrofitting.
• Before LonWorks control networks, most control
  systems required thousands of feet - even miles -
  of expensive wiring to connect dumb components to
  a custom-programmed central controller.
• Expansion required costly rewiring and custom
  programming. The systems were vulnerable to
  failure of the central controllers.
• LonWorks control networks improve this scenario.
  They allow simple expansion by merely plugging in
  new interoperable devices that work together,
  regardless of the manufacturer. The devices
  communicate using an open protocol, the LonTalk
  protocol. By distributing processing among all of
  the control devices, the central point of failure
  is eliminated. By allowing for free flow of
  information between devices, control is improved
  and new applications are enabled.

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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Communication protocols Lonworks
• LonWorks technology nowadays provides a solution
  to the many problems of designing, building,
  installing, and maintaining control networks
  networks that can range in size from two to
  32,000 devices and can be used in everything from
  supermarkets to petroleum plants, from aircraft
  to railway cars, from fusion lasers to slot
  machines, from single family homes to
  skyscrapers.
• In almost every industry today, there is a trend
  away from proprietary control schemes and
  centralized systems. Manufacturers are using
  open, off-the-shelf chips, operating systems, and
  parts to build products that feature improved
  reliability, flexibility, system cost, and
  performance.
• LonWorks technology is accelerating the trend
  away from proprietary control schemes and
  centralized systems by providing
  interoperability, robust technology, faster
  development, and scale economies.

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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Communication protocols Lonworks network
• A LonWorks network consists of a number of nodes
  communicating over a number of media using a
  common protocol. The main parts of the network
  are
• The nodes, which are intelligent devices, that
  "talk" via the communication protocol assuring
  their interoperation and interaction.
• Network equipment (Router, Repeater, Gateway and
  PC cards, Router/Modem).
• Transceivers (TP, Power lines, IR, RF, FO).
• PC or microprocessor communications software (DDE
  or MIP).
• Configuration, management, supervision and
  maintenance software.

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Intelligent Buildings Technology
Communication protocols Lonworks network
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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Communication protocols Lonworks network

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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Communication protocols Lonworks network
• The main advantages of the LonWorks network are
• It is a distributed control network.
• Easier integration of different devices (sensors,
  actuators, controllers, etc.) from various
  manufacturers is achieved.
• Higher performance due to peer-to-peer
  communications is ensured.
• Reduced costs of installation and reconfiguration
  due to its distributed characteristics.

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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Communication protocols Lonworks protocol
• The LonWorks protocol, also known as the LonTalk
  protocol and the ANSI/EIA 709.1 Control
  Networking Standard, is the heart of the LonWorks
  system.
• The protocol provides a set of communication
  services that allow the application program in a
  device to send and receive messages from other
  devices over the network without needing to know
  the topology of the network or the names,
  addresses, or functions of other devices.
• The LonWorks protocol can optionally provide
  end-to-end acknowledgement of messages,
  authentication of messages, and priority delivery
  to provide bounded transaction times.
• Support for network management services allow for
  remote network management tools to interact with
  devices over the network, including
  reconfiguration of network addresses and
  parameters, downloading of application programs,
  reporting of network problems, and
  start/stop/reset of device application programs.

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Intelligent Buildings Technology
Communication protocols Lonworks protocol
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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Communication protocols Lonworks protocol OSI
  
• The LonWorks protocol is a layered, packetbased,
  peer-to-peer communications protocol. Like the
  related Ethernet and Internet protocols, it is a
  published standard and adheres to the layered
  architectural guidelines of the International
  Standards Organization (ISO) Open Systems
  Interconnect (ISO OSI) reference model.
• The LonWorks protocol, however, is designed for
  the specific requirements of control systems,
  rather than data processing systems. To ensure
  that these requirements are met with a reliable
  and robust communications standard, the LonWorks
  protocol is layered as recommended by the
  International Standards Organization.
• By tailoring the protocol for control at each of
  the OSI layers, the LonWorks protocol provides a
  control-specific solution that provides the
  reliability, performance, and robust
  communications required for control applications.

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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Communication protocols Lonworks protocol
  Channel
• A channel is a specific physical communication
  medium (such as twisted pair or power line) to
  which a group of LonWorks devices are attached by
  transceivers specific to that channel.
• Each type of channel has different
  characteristics in terms of maximum number of
  attached devices, communication bit rate, and
  physical distance limits.

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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Communication protocols Lonworks protocol
  Addressing
• The addressing algorithm defines how packets are
  routed from a source device to one or more
  destination devices.
• Packets can be addressed to a single device, to
  any group of devices, or to all devices.
• To support networks with two devices to tens of
  thousands of devices, the LonWorks protocol
  supports several types of addresses, from simple
  physical addresses to addresses that designate
  collections of many devices.

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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Communication protocols Lonworks protocol
  Addressing
• Physical Address. Every LonWorks device includes
  a unique 48-bit identifier called the Neuron ID.
  The Neuron ID is typically assigned when as
  device is manufactured, and does not change
  during the lifetime of the device.
• Device Address. A LonWorks device is assigned a
  device address when it is installed into a
  particular network. Device addresses are used
  instead of physical addresses because they
  support more efficient routing of messages, and
  they simplify replacing failed devices. A network
  installation tool that maintains a database of
  the device addresses for the network assigns the
  device addresses. Device addresses consist of
  three components a domain ID, subnet ID, and
  node ID. Devices must be in the same domain to
  exchange packets. There may be up to 32,385
  devices in a domain. The subnet ID identifies a
  collection of up to 127 devices that are on a
  single channel, or a set of channels connected by
  repeaters. Subnet IDs are used to support
  efficient routing of packets in large networks.
  There may be up to 255 subnets in a domain. The
  node ID identifies an individual device within a
  subnet.

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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Communication protocols Lonworks protocol
  Addressing
• Group Address. A group is a logical collection of
  devices within a domain. Unlike a subnet,
  however, devices are grouped together without
  regard for their physical location in the domain.
  There may be any number of devices in a group
  when unacknowledged messaging is used groups are
  limited to 64 devices if acknowledged messaging
  is used. Groups are an efficient way to optimize
  network bandwidth for packets addressed to
  multiple devices. There may be up to 256 groups
  in a domain.
• Broadcast Address. A broadcast address identifies
  all devices with a subnet, or all devices within
  a domain. Broadcast addresses are an efficient
  method to communicate with many devices, and are
  sometimes used instead of group addresses to
  conserve the limited number of available group
  addresses.

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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Communication protocols Lonworks protocol
  Delivering
• The LonWorks protocol offers three basic types of
  message delivery service and also supports
  authenticated messages. An optimized network will
  often use all of these services. These services
  allow tradeoffs between reliability, efficiency,
  and security, and are listed below
• Acknowledged Messaging. Provides for end-to-end
  acknowledgement. When using acknowledged
  messaging, a message is sent to a device or group
  of up to 64 devices and individual
  acknowledgements are expected from each receiver.
  If acknowledgements are not received, the sender
  times out and retries the transaction. The number
  of retries and the timeout are both configurable.
• Repeated Messaging. Causes a message to be sent
  to a device or group of any number of devices
  multiple times. This service is typically used
  instead of acknowledged messaging because it does
  not incur the overhead and delay of waiting for
  acknowledgements. This is especially important
  when broadcasting information to a large group of
  devices, as an acknowledged message would cause
  all the receiving devices to try to transmit a
  response at the same time.
• Unacknowledged Messaging. Causes each message to
  be sent once to a device or group of any number
  of devices and no response is expected. This
  messaging service has the lowest overhead and is
  the most typically used service.
• Authenticated Service. Allows the receiver of a
  message to determine if the sender is authorized
  to send that message. Thus, authentication
  prevents unauthorized access to devices and is
  implemented by distributing 48-bit keys to the
  devices at installation time.

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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Communication protocols Lonworks protocol
  Variables
• The LonWorks protocol implements the innovative
  concept of network variables.
• Network variables greatly simplify the tasks of
  designing LonWorks application programs for
  interoperability with multiple vendors' products
  and facilitating the design of information-based,
  rather than command-based, control systems.
• A network variable is any data item (temperature,
  a switch value, or an actuator position setting)
  that a particular device application program
  expects to get from other devices on the network
  (an input network variable) or expects to make
  available to other devices on the network (an
  output network variable).
• The application program in a device does not need
  to know anything about where input network
  variables come from or where output network
  variables go.

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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Communication protocols Lonworks protocol
  Variables
• When the application program has a changed value
  for an output network variable it simply passes
  the new value to the device firmware.
• Via a process that takes place during network
  design and installation called binding, the
  device firmware is configured to know the logical
  address of the other devices or group of devices
  in the network expecting that network variable,
  and it assembles and sends the appropriate
  packets to these devices.
• Similarly, when the device firmware receives an
  updated value for an input network variable
  required by its application program, it passes
  the data to the application program.
• The binding process thus creates logical
  connections between an output network variable in
  one device and an input network variable in
  another device or group of devices.
• Connections may be thought of as "virtual wires."
  If one device contains a physical switch, with a
  corresponding output network variable called
  switch on/off, and another device drives a light
  bulb with a corresponding input network variable
  called lamp on/off, creating a connection by
  binding these two network variables has the same
  functional effect as connecting a physical wire
  from the switch to the light bulb.

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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Communication protocols Lonworks protocol
  Variables
• Every network variable has a type that defines
  the units, scaling, and structure of the data
  contained within the network variable. Network
  variables must be the same type to be connected.
  This prevents common installation errors from
  occurring such as a pressure output being
  connected to a temperature input.
• Type translators are available to convert network
  variables of one type to another type. A set of
  standard network variable types (SNVTs) is
  defined for commonly used types. Alternatively,
  manufacturers may define their own userdefined
  network variable types (UNVTs).
• Network variables make possible information-based
  control systems, rather than old-style
  command-based control systems. This means that in
  a LonWorks system, each device application makes
  its own control decisions, based on information
  it collects from other devices about what is
  going on in the system.
• In a command-based system, devices issue control
  commands to other devices, so a command-issuing
  device, that is typically a centralized
  controller, must be custom programmed to know a
  lot about the system function and topology.
• This makes it very difficult for multiple vendors
  to design standard control devices that can
  easily be integrated. Network variables make it
  easy for manufacturers to design devices that
  systems integrators can readily incorporate into
  interoperable, information-based control systems.

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Intelligent Buildings Technology
Communication protocols Lonworks protocol
Devices
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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Communication protocols Lonworks protocol
  Device
• The basis of every LonWorks device is the Neuron
  Chip as it contains the entire required device
  hardware and software. The Neuron Chip contains
  three identical 8-bit central processing units
  (CPUs) that are dedicated to the following
  functions
• 1. CPU-1 is the media access control, which
  drives the communication subsystem hardware and
  executes the media access algorithm. CPU-1
  communicates with CPU-2 using network buffers
  located in shared memory. CPU-1 handles layers 3
  to 6.
• 2. CPU-2 is the network CPU that implements
  layers 3 through 6 of the LonTalk protocol. It
  handles network variable processing, addressing,
  transaction processing, authentication and
  network management.
• 3. CPU-3 is the application CPU that runs code
  written by the user together with the operating
  systems services called by the application code.

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Intelligent Buildings Technology
Communication protocols Lonworks protocol
Device
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Intelligent Buildings Technology
Communication protocols Lonworks protocol
Device
Neuron Chip
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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Communication protocols Lonworks protocol
  LonPoint
• The Lon Point system is the result of such a
  systems approach providing the low cost of an
  open system architecture, the multiuser
  capabilities of the LNS Network Operating System,
  the distributed processing capabilities of the
  Neuron Chip and Lon-Works platform and the wiring
  flexibility of free topology communications.
• The system consists of the LonPoint Interface,
  Router and Scheduler Modules, Lon-Point
  Application Programs, LNS-based LonMaker for
  Windows Integration Tool, and the LonPoint
  Software Plug-In. The various I/O modules of the
  LonPoint system are described next.

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Intelligent Buildings Technology
Communication protocols Lonworks protocol
LonPoint
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Intelligent Buildings Technology
Communication protocols Lonworks protocol
LonPoint
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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Communication protocols Lonworks protocol
  LonMark objects
• The LonMark Association is an organization aiming
  at enabling the easy integration of multi-vendor
  systems based on LonWorks networks and providing
  an open forum for member companies to work
  together on marketing and technical programs to
  promote the availability of open interoperable
  control devices. The Association is focusing on
• Promoting benefits of interoperable LonMark
  products.
• Providing collaborative marketing programs for
  companies developing Lon-Mark products.
• Providing a forum to define application-specific
  design requirements. Products that have been
  verified to conform to LonMark interoperability
  guidelines are eligible to carry the LonMark
  logo. The LonMark logo is an indicator that a
  product has completed the conformance tests and
  has been designed to interoperate across a
  LonWorks network.

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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Communication protocols Lonworks protocol
  LonMark objects
• As mentioned above the LonTalk protocol employs a
  data oriented application layer that supports the
  data communication rather than commands between
  nodes. By this approach application data such as
  temperatures, pressures, etc can be sent to
  multiple nodes, each of which may have a
  different application for that datum. The data in
  the LonTalk protocol are called the network
  variables and configuration properties. Standard
  Network Variable Types (SNVTs) and Standard
  Configuration Parameter Types (SCPTs) provide a
  common platform for representing a wide range of
  data by specifying units, range and resolution.
• At the application layer, interoperability
  between LonWorks technology-based products is
  facilitated through the use of application-specifi
  c LonMark Objects and SNVTs. LonMark Objects
  build upon network variables and provide a
  concise application layer interface that
  incorporates semantic meaning about the
  information being communicated.

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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Communication protocols Lonworks protocol
  LonMark objects
• There are three types of LonMark Objects
• The Node Object, the Sensor Object and the
  Actuators Object.
• The Sensor Object is a generic object that can be
  used with any form of sensor, such as analog
  pressure, temperature or humidity sensor or even
  a digital switch. The Sensor Object can supply
  data directly to an Actuator Object or to control
  loop located within a Controller Object. There
  are two versions of the Sensor Object one with
  no feedback named the 'Open Loop Sensor Object'
  and the other with feedback named the 'Closed
  Loop Sensor Object'.
• The Open Loop Sensor Object is suitable for use
  with sensing devices that report absolute rather
  than relative values and for use with devices
  that do not require feedback information for
  correct operation.
• The Closed Loop Sensor Object includes a feedback
  feature that makes it suitable for use in
  applications where multiple sensors can be
  combined in arbitrary combinations with multiple
  actuators devices. The purpose of the closed loop
  sensor object is to enable multiple sensors to
  control a common actuator or a single sensor to
  control multiple actuators while retaining
  synchronization between the actual and desired
  states of objects in both the sensors and
  actuators.

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Intelligent Buildings Technology
Communication protocols Lonworks protocol
LonMark objects
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Intelligent Buildings Technology
Communication protocols Lonworks protocol
LonMark objects
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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Smart Buildings Evaluation
• Tool

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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Intelligent Building - Typical buildings energy
  usage

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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Steps for an effective indoor environment and
  energy management program
• Obtain total management commitment.
• Obtain employee cooperation.
• Conduct an energy survey. This is the "Building
  Audit" which identifies building characteristics,
  energy uses in the building, and how much energy
  is consumed.
• Identify problems and solutions. Use information
  gathered in the audit as well as your knowledge
  of building conditions, and check the appropriate
  Energy Conservation Opportunities.
• Set conservation goals. Establish a goal in terms
  of percent reduction
• Keep consumption and indoor comfort records.
  Implement changes.Monitor results.
• Make appropriate adjustments. Based on monitored
  results, take appropriate steps to implement any
  necessary adjustments required by changing
  conditions.

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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Evaluating Intelligent Buildings Matrix Tool
• This matrix tool takes into account the following
  three elements (criteria)
• The built environment should be productive, safe,
  healthy, thermally, aurally and visually
  comfortable.
• The building has potential to serve future
  generations sustainability, or adaptability over
  the life cycle of the building and safeguarding
  the earth and environment resources.
• Financial aspect the building can be built
  within some cost constraints whilst retaining
  market value.

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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Evaluating Intelligent Buildings Matrix Tool
  -PIs
• The performance indicators selected are
• Built Environment
• Responsiveness
• Functionality
• Economic issues
• Suitability

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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Evaluating Intelligent Buildings Matrix Tool
  -PIs
• Built Environment which consists of the following
  sub-performance indicators
• Comfort and productivity at what level that the
  building creates a comfort environment for the
  occupants
• Individual control of local environment can
  individual occupant change the set-point of their
  terminal devices such as fan-coil unit or solar
  shedding devices
• Health and safety is it safe and health for
  people to stay in or around the building
• Energy consumption and environmental impacts is
  there an organisational policy on the operation
  of the built environment and the associated
  environmental impacts
• Integration with the surrounding ecological
  systems how are decision made during the design
  phase regarding to macro-climatic design,
  building integrated renewable energy sources and
  rainwater/wastewater utilisation.

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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Evaluating Intelligent Buildings Matrix Tool
  -PIs
• Responsiveness
• Awareness how well the relevant people
  understand their relationship with the building
• Automatic response to changes in the
  surroundings is there any measures that allow
  the building appropriately responds to the
  changes in the surroundings, utility supply,
  services systems and usage of the buildings.
• Performance under emergencies what level of
  emergencies can be handled within and around the
  building
• Decision-making the ability of building
  operators to make decisions in responding to
  changes
• Flexible usage is it flexible to alter the
  partitions, layouts and services systems for
  different usage.

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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Evaluating Intelligent Buildings Matrix Tool
  -PIs
• Functionality
• Reporting system how well the information
  associated with the efficient management and
  operation of the building is communicated to the
  relevant parties.
• Building Management System (BMS) is there a BMS
  installed and how is it being used.
• Maintenance how the building, including
  architectural features, BMS (if any), and
  services systems, is maintained.
• Facility Management (FM) is there a facility
  manager or management team and how technically
  competent are they.
• Easy-to-use through design how the issues
  related to the ease of use is considered in the
  design phase.

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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Evaluating Intelligent Buildings Matrix Tool
  -PIs
• Economic issues
• Investment are the intelligent building
  technologies are valued by the relevant decision
  makers
• Energy supply how easy (or difficulty) is it to
  change the supply of energy
• Resources (water, waste treatment, etc) how
  energy audit, monitoring of water usage, and
  waste treatment are carried out
• Costs how the operating cost associated with
  energy and other utilities are paid by tenants
• Budget what procedure is employed to determine
  the ratio of the initial construction cost to the
  lifecycle cost

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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Evaluating Intelligent Buildings Matrix Tool
  -PIs
• Suitability
• Special use does the building provide features
  to satisfy special needs of some individuals such
  as the disabled or elderly.
• IT connectivity does the building have access to
  specialist services providers through IT network.
• Location is the building located such that the
  activities within the building have easy access
  to the relevant sources
• Organisation is there an appropriate
  communication between different divisions of an
  organisations that allow effective dissemination
  of information associated with efficient
  operation of the building
• Internal flow and operational planning what
  process or method are employed in the design
  phase to make decisions associated with the
  location of interacting divisions in the building
  and the movements of staff and information.

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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Evaluating Intelligent Buildings Matrix Tool
  -Factors
• These performance indicators are influenced by a
  number of factors. This Matrix Tool only consider
  the five factors, as follows
• People
• Do they feel comfort and are they productive in
  the building
• How well do they understand their relationship
  with the building
• Do they have a role in the energy management
• Investment decision-makers do they understand
  the benefit of intelligent building technologies
  and are they willing to investigate the
  feasibility of relevant investment
• People with special needs (such as the disabled
  and elderly) can the building satisfy their
  special needs
• Building systems
• Does the system provide facilities for
  individuals to change the set-point of local
  devices according to their desire
• Are the building and its systems well integrated
  with the surroundings
• Is the building controlled and managed by a
  Building Management System (BMS)
• Is it technically feasible to change the
  suppliers of utilities when considered beneficial
• Does the building have good access to the
  internet.

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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Evaluating Intelligent Buildings Matrix Tool
  -Factors
• Critical
• What measures are there to ensure the safety and
  health of people staying in and around the
  building
• Facilities equipped to handle emergencies
• Maintenance and services of the facilities
  equipped to handle emergencies
• Treatment of the waste and use of renewable
  energy sources
• The factors associated with the location of the
  building that affect the performance of the
  building under emergencies
• Process
• The process of adapting energy management
  policies within the organisations
• The technical competence of the building
  operators in dealing with any relevant change
• The technical competence of the facility managers
• Facilities for individual tenants to control and
  meter their utilities
• Organisational regime of dealing with energy
  related issues
• Design
• Design considerations and decisions on the
  integration of the building and its systems with
  the surroundings
• Design considerations and decisions on possible
  change of partitions, layout and services systems
  required by the change of usage
• The use, operation and maintenance of building
  systems
• Decision on the initial and lifecycle costs
• Urban and building internal planning

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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Evaluating Intelligent Buildings Matrix Tool

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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Evaluating Intelligent Buildings Matrix Tool
• Each of the performance indicators has a value
  ranging from 0 to 5, with 5 indicating the best
  and 0 indicating the worst. Once these individual
  performance indicators are assessed against the
  relevant building features, the overall
  performance is computed as below
• where
• are the value of individual performance
  indicators Built Environment, Responsiveness,
  Functionality, Economic and Suitability
  respectively.
• are respectively the weighting factors for
  individual performance indicators .
• And
• The value of IQ specifies the intelligence of a
  building under the Matool. The maximum value of
  IQ is 125. The rating of the intelligent building
  is accordingly specified as follows
• Bad lt50
• Good 50 80
• Very Good 80 100
• Excellent 100125

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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Evaluating Intelligent Buildings Matrix Tool
  -Assessment
• The assessment comprises three stages
• Stage 1 ltAssessment purposesgt to determine the
  weighting factors
• Stage 2 ltIndividual assessmentgt to assess all
  relevant individual performance indicators
• Stage 3 ltOverall assessmentgt to compute the
  overall performance based on the weighting scheme
  determined in stage 1 and the value of individual
  performance indicators determined in stage 2.

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Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Evaluating Intelligent Buildings Matrix Tool
  -Assessment

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Intelligent Buildings Technology
Intelligent Buildings Technology

• Evaluating Intelligent Buildings Matrix Tool
  -Assessment

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Intelligent Buildings Technology
Evaluating Intelligent Buildings Matrix Tool
-Assessment