Other substantive EU env law:

1

• Other substantive EU env law
• air
• Product related standards
• promotion of fuel efficiency for vehicles
  (publicise/inform miles/gallon or liters/100 km),
  directive 1999/94
• MS to monitor CO2 emissions in new cars Decision
  1753/2000
• aim for limits for cars (186 g/km in 1995)
  through voluntary agreements (140 g/km in 2010)
  through voluntary agreements, inform
  public/label, fiscal measures (another 20 g/km
  reduction) aim 120 g/km CO2
• Proposed car taxes based on emissions
• Fuel quality
• Previously only emission limits for large
  combustion plants, quality standards for
  particular pollutants (SO2, NOx, particulates,
  ozone etc)

2

• EU air
• V little enforcement by Commission since
  measurement methods, frequency left to MS
• V few cases at ECJ
• No direct effect provisions in directives
• MS variation great overall improvement in air
  quality due to push by international conventions

3
EU Air

• improvements driven more by international
  obligations
• Long range pollution convention
• Convention on Ozone layer protection
• Convention on POPs
• Climate change convention
• Now more integrated
• National emissions ceilings for certain
  pollutants
• 1996 framework ambient air quality levels
  directive
• integrated pollution control
• proposal COM (2005) 447

4

• EU noise
• Total harmonisation of noise emissions for
  certain products
• Noise certification for products
• Airplane noise restrictions
• P 275-282 Kr
• Directive 2002/49 on assessment and management of
  noise
• Draw up plans
• Inform citizens
• (freeway noise reg through better
• surfacing/tire specs, fewer traffic
• lights etc)

5

• EU dangerous chemicals
• Harmonisation of marketing, use, classification,
  packaging, labelling, pesticides, fertilisers
• Biodegradability of detergents
• Rules for export and import international
• Strategy for endocrine disrupters, PCBs, dioxins,
  mercury, pesticides, fertiliser use
• Restrictions in use of persistent organic
  pollutants (POPs) - international

6

• EU dangerous chemicals
• Typical cases
• MS ability to have more protective measures
• P 225-232 Kr
• Placing GMOs on the market
• P 233-242 Kr
• Products authorised in other MSs must be freely
  marketable in other MSs more protective
  neasures
• P 243-251 Kr

7

• nature and biodiversity
• Driven by international obligations
• Convention on biodiversity
• Dolphin conservation
• Berne Convention on wildlife and natural habitats
• Migratory species Convention
• CITES
• Problematic to regulate at this level when not
  transboundary
• Habitat protection and economic development
• P 314-320 Kr

8

• Climate change
• Driven by international obligations
• Stabilise GHG emissions at 1990 levels by
  2008-2012 Kyoto Protocol
• GHG emissions trading directive (CO2) directive
  2003/87
• Air regulations fuel economy of vehicles,
  national emission caps

9

• Soil protection
• organic farming, erosion prevention by terracing,
  safer pesticide use, use of certified compost,
  forestry, afforestation
• Soil protected by IPPC directive

10

• EU Sustainable development strategy COM (2001)
  264
• to meet the needs of the present without
  compromising the ability of future generations to
  meet their own needs
• Requires integration of economic, social and
  environmental objectives
• GHG emissions/climate change
• threats to public health antibiotic-resistant
  strains of some diseases, longer-term effects of
  hazardous chemicals
• Poverty
• ageing population, health care costs
• loss of bio-diversity fish stocks near collapse
  waste volumes soil loss and declining fertility
• Transport/traffic