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Duplicate Entries in Gazetteers

• jordan HastingsDepartment of GeographyUniversity
  of CaliforniaSanta Barbara

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Names Features (1)

• Naming Features in the Environment
• Linguistic Necessity
• Identity and Ownership
• Navigation and Wayfinding

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Names Features (2)

• Features Cover a Large Territory
• Crisp or Diffuse
• Compact or Extended
• Tangible or Abstract

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Names Features (1)

• Naming Features in the Environment
• Linguistic Necessity
• Identity and Ownership
• Navigation and Wayfinding
• Features Cover a Large Territory
• Crisp or Diffuse
• Compact or Extended
• Tangible or Abstract

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Names Features (2)

• Locations are Numerous Various
• Multiscale
• Generalized
• Dis-coordinated
• Time-variant

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Names Features (3)

• Names are Numerous Various
• Polynymous
• Mis-spelled
• Multilingual
• Time-variant

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Names Features (4)

• Lake Bigler, thru 1920s
• Lake Bonpland (also Bondland), thru 1890s
• Da-ow-a-ga, thru 1850s

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Names Features (2)

• Names are Numerous Various
• Multilingual
• Polysymous
• Time-variant
• Locations also Numerous Various
• Multi-coordinate
• Polyscale
• Time-variant

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Feature Types (1)

• Dependable Type System
• Because Features are Objects
• Because Human Mind Categorizes
• Types present in Taxonomy
• Hierarchy is Natural in Environment
• Because Human Mind Categorizes

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Feature Types (2) Examples

• Cultural Environment
• Nations -gt States -gt Provinces -gt Districts

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Feature Types (2) - Examples

• Physical Environment
• Watersources Springs--gtSeeps
• Watercourses Rivers--gtStreams--gtCreeks
• Waterbodies Lakes--gtPonds--gtSloughs
  ?Glaciers

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Feature Types (2)

• Type Examples
• Cultural Environment
• Nations -gt States -gt Provinces -gt Districts
• Physical Environment
• Watersources Springs, Seeps
• Watercourses Rivers, Streams, Creeks
• Waterbodies Lakes, Ponds, Sloughs, ?Glaciers

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Fundaments (1)

• Definition Gazetteer A spatial dictionary of
  named typed features in the environment
• Implications
• Features uniquely identified
• Searchable by name and type
• Also searchable geospatially

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Fundaments (2)

• Duplicates An approximate notion
• Firm types, close in hierarchy
• Locations close dependent on scale
• Names close dependent on language or not at
  all
• All aspects variant in time

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Fundaments (3)

• Database Implications / Support
• Custom Datatypes
• Hierarchy
• Geometry
• Multiple Attribution (unlimited)
• Names
• Locations
• Efficient Geospatial Processing

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Approach (1)

• Independent Measures of Duplicates
• 1. Type Thesaurus Metrics
• Inter-feature hierarchy, explicit linkages
• 2. Geospatial Metrics
• Intra-feature size, compactness,
• Inter-feature distance, overlap,
• 3. Geonomial Metrics
• Intra-feature NL translation not considered
  yet
• Intra-feature stemming, soundex, substitution

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Approach (2)

• Unified Assessment of Duplicates
• Weighted Combination of Measures
• 1 Type
• 2 Location(s)
• 3 Name(s)
• Geographic Visualization, over Maps
• Final Authority of Human Cataloger

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Gazetteer DuplicatesProcessing Cycle
random features
prep
grouped features
rework
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Gazetteer DuplicatesProcessing Cycle
random features
prep
grouped features
rework
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Gazetteer DuplicatesProcessing Cycle
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Gazetteer DuplicatesProcessing Cycle
review
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Gazetteer DuplicatesProcessing Cycle
random features
prep
grouped features
rework
weigh
review
accepted
suspended
post
featuredatabase
reject
trash
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end
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