Title: Fundamental Financial Accounting Concepts Third Edition by Edmonds, McNair, Milam, Olds
1Fundamental Financial Accounting ConceptsThird
EditionbyEdmonds, McNair, Milam, Olds
- PowerPoint presentation by
- J. Lawrence Bergin
2Chapter 10
- Accounting for Debt Transactions
LOANS BONDS
3Business Background
- Capital structure is the mix of debt and equity
used to finance a company. - Loans from banks, insurance companies, or pension
funds are often used when borrowing small amounts
of capital. - Bonds are debt securities issued when borrowing
large amounts of money. - Can be issued by either corporations or
governmental units.
4Business Background
- Capital structure is the mix of debt and equity
used to finance a company. - Loans from banks, insurance companies, or pension
funds are often used when borrowing small amounts
of capital. - Bonds are debt securities issued when borrowing
large amounts of money. - Can be issued by either corporations or
governmental units.
5Financial Analysis
- The debt-to-equity ratio is an important measure
of the state of a companys capital structure. - When a companys debt-to-equity ratio is
excessive, a large amount of fixed debt payments
may cause problems in tight cash flow periods.
Debt-to-Equity Ratio Total Liab. Total Equity
6Characteristics of Bonds Payable
- Bonds usually involve the borrowing of a large
sum of money, called principal, for a fairly long
time period. - The principal is usually paid back as a lump sum
at the end of the bond period. - Individual bonds are often denominated with a par
value, or face value, of 1,000.
7Characteristics of Bonds Payable
To make them quicker and easier, all bond
illustrations presented here will have very short
terms and small principals.
8Characteristics of Bonds Payable
- Bonds usually carry a stated rate of interest.
- Interest is normally paid semiannually.
- Interest is computed as
Interest Principal Stated Rate Time
9Characteristics of Bonds Payable
- The new bondholder receives a bond certificate.
- Identifies the par value, the stated interest
rate, the interest dates, and the maturity date. - The trustee makes sure the issuing company
fulfills all of the provisions of the bond
indenture, or agreement.
10Bond Classifications
- Unsecured bonds (also called debentures) do not
have pledged assets as a guarantee of repayment
at maturity. - Secured bonds include a pledge of specific assets
as a guarantee of repayment at maturity.
11Bond Classifications
- Ordinary bonds (also called single-payment bonds)
- The full face amount is paid at the maturity.
- Serial bonds
- The principal is paid in installments on a series
of specified maturity dates.
12Bond Classifications
- Callable bonds
- May be retired and repaid (called) at any time at
the option of the issuer. - Redeemable bonds
- May be turned in at any time for repayment at the
option of the bondholder. - Convertible bonds
- May be exchanged for other securities of the
issuer (usually shares of common stock) at the
option of the bondholder.
13Bond Classifications
- Registered bonds
- Payment of interest is made by check and mailed
directly to the bondholder whose name must be
registered. - Coupon bonds
- Coupons are attached to the bond for each
interest payment. - The bondholder clips each coupon and presents
it for payment on the interest date.
14Measuring Bonds Payable and Interest Expense
- The selling price of the bond is determined by
the market based on the time value of money.
15Measuring Bonds Payable and Interest Expense
- The selling price of the bond is determined by
the market based on the time value of money. - today future
. . .
principal payment
dates of interest payments
16The time value of money...
- Selling price of a bond
- present value of future cash flows promised by
the bonds, discounted using the market rate of
interest
The Appendix to this chapter and Ready Notes
shows how to make Present Value calculations.
17Measuring Bonds Payable and Interest Expense
- The interest rate used to compute the present
value is the market interest rate. - Also called yield, effective rate, or true rate.
- Creditors demand a certain rate of interest to
compensate them for the risks related to bonds. - The stated rate, or coupon rate, is only used to
compute the periodic cash interest payments.
18Determining the Selling Price
- Bonds sell at
- Par (100 of face value)
- less than par (discount)
- more than par (premium)
- Market (or effective) rate of interest vs.
bonds stated rate of interest determines the
selling price (or market or issue price of the
bond).
19Determining the Selling Price
- Selling price Present value of future cash
flows promised by the bonds, using market rate
for present-value calculations. (The Appendix
demonstrates these calculations.) - Therefore, if
- market gt stated Discount
- market lt stated Premium
- market stated Face or par
20Selling Bonds - Example
- On Jan. 2, 20X1, CeeDees Corp. sells 100,000 in
bonds having a stated rate of 7 annually. The
bonds mature in 3 years, and interest is paid
semi-annually. The market rate is 10 annually.
Determine whether the bonds sell at par, at a
discount, or at a premium.
21Selling Bonds - Example
- On Jan. 2, 20X1, CeeDees Corp. sells 100,000 in
bonds having a stated rate of 7 annually. The
bonds mature in 3 years, and interest is paid
semi-annually. The market rate is 10 annually.
These bonds would sell at a discount. Investors
are demanding a 10 return. These bonds are
only paying 7 interest. So, investors wont
buy them unless the price is reduced that is,
sold at a DISCOUNT.
22Selling Bonds - Example
- Lets say the bonds sold for 922/5.
- What does that mean?
- The bonds sold for 922/5 (or 92.4) of their
face (par) value. - Proceeds 92,400 for 100,000-face bonds.
(100,000 x .924 92,400)
23Recording Bonds Sold at a Discount
- Prepare the journal entry to record the sale of
the bonds.
Cash
Discount on Bonds Payable Bonds
Payable
24Recording Bonds Sold at a Discount
- Prepare the journal entry to record the sale of
the bonds.
Cash
Discount on Bonds Payable Bonds
Payable-face 100,000
25Recording Bonds Sold at a Discount
- Prepare the journal entry to record the sale of
the bonds.
Cash
92,400 Discount on Bonds Payable
Bonds Payable-face 100,000
26Recording Bonds Sold at a Discount
- Prepare the journal entry to record the sale of
the bonds.
Cash
92,400 Discount on Bonds Payable 7,600
Bonds Payable-face 100,000
This is a contra-liability account and appears in
the liability section of the balance sheet
as a SUBTRACTION from the
Bonds Payable-face amount.
27Measuring and Recording Interest on Bonds Issued
at a Discount
- The discount must be amortized over the
outstanding life of the bonds. - The discount amortization increases the periodic
interest expense for the issuer. - Two methods are commonly used
- Straight-line amortization
- Effective-interest amortization (in Appendix)
28Straight-Line Amortization of Bond Discount
- Identify the amount of the bond discount.
- Divide the bond discount by the number of
interest periods. - Include the discount amortization amount as part
of the periodic interest expense entry. - The discount will be reduced to zero by the
maturity date.
29Straight-Line Amortization of Bond Discount
- CeeDees Corp. sold their bonds on Jan. 2, 20X1 at
92 2/5. The bonds have a 3-year maturity and
3,500 interest is paid semiannually (that is,
each six months). - Why would the bonds sell for 922/5?
- The 10 market rate of interest is greater than
the 7 stated rate on the bond face. So,
investors wont buy them unless the price is
reduced. - Where did the 3,500 come from?
- 100,000 face x .07 x 1/2 yr.
30Straight-Line Amortization of Bond Discount
- Prepare the journal entry to record the payment
of interest and the discount amortization for the
six months ending on June 30, 20X1.
Interest Expense Discount on
Bonds Payable
Cash
31Straight-Line Amortization of Bond Discount
- Prepare the journal entry to record the payment
of interest and the discount amortization for the
six months ending on June 30, 20X1.
Interest Expense Discount on
Bonds Payable
Cash 3,500
100,000 Face x .07 stated rate x 1/2 yr.
3,500 for 6 mos.
32Straight-Line Amortization of Bond Discount
- Prepare the journal entry to record the payment
of interest and the discount amortization for the
six months ending on June 30, 20X1.
Interest Expense Discount on
Bonds Payable 1,267
Cash 3,500
7,600 Disc. 6 interest periods 1,267
each 6 months
33Straight-Line Amortization of Bond Discount
- Prepare the journal entry to record the payment
of interest and the discount amortization for the
six months ending on June 30, 20X1.
Interest Expense 4,767 Discount
on Bonds Payable 1,267
Cash 3,500
Which amount appears on the Income
Statement? 4767 (the effective interest
expense) Which amount appears on the Cashflow
Statement? 3,500 Operating Activity outflow for
cash paid
34Straight-Line Amortization of Bond Discount
- Prepare the journal entry to record the payment
of interest and the discount amortization for the
six months ending on June 30, 20X1.
Interest Expense 4,767 Discount
on Bonds Payable 1,267
Cash 3,500
Note that the existence of a DISCOUNT causes the
Effective Interest EXPENSE to be GREATER THAN the
CASH interest actually paid to the bondholders.
35Straight-Line Amortization of Bond Discount
- This exact journal entry will be made each six
months for the three year term of the bond. At
the end, the balance of the Discount on Bonds
Payable account will be 0.
Interest Expense 4,767 Discount
on Bonds Payable 1,267
Cash 3,500
36 Horizontal Model
- Record the issue of CeeDee Corp. bonds on 1/1/X1.
- Record the Interest payments at the end of
- Period 1 6/30/X1
- Period 2 12/31/X1
- Period 3 6/30/X2
- Period 4 12/31/X2
- Period 5 6/30/X3
- Period 6 12/31/X3
- Record the principal repayment at maturity
12/31/X3.
37Horizontal Model Transaction Analysis
10- 37
Record issuance of CeeDees bonds, all interest
payments, and final repayment of the bonds at
maturity.
Balance Sheet
Income Statement Cashflow
- Assets Liab.
Equity Statement - Cash Bond - Bond Bond C.C. R.E.
Rev./- Exp./ - Pay-par Disc. Prem.
Gain- Loss N.I. OA,IA,FA
P e r
0 1 2 bal
C Income Statement accounts closed to 0.
0 0 0 3 4 bal
C Income Statement accounts closed to 0.
0 0 0
5 6 end bal
38Horizontal Model Transaction Analysis
10- 38
Record the Issue of the CeeDee Corp. bonds on
1/1/X1. Record Interest expense for the first
2 periods.
Balance Sheet
Income Statement Cashflow
- Assets Liab.
Equity Statement - Cash Bond - Bond Bond C.C. R.E.
Rev./ - Exp./ - Pay-par Disc. Prem.
Gain - Loss N.I. OA,IA,FA
P e r
0 92400 100000 7600
92400 FA 1 (3500) (1267)
(4767) 4767 (4767)
(3500)OA 2 (3500) (1267)
(4767) 4767 (4767)
(3500)OA bal 85400 100000 5066
(9534) 9534 (9534) 85400
bal
How much Interest Expense is on the 20X1 Inc.
Statement? 9,534 (4,767 4,767) How
much interest will be on the 20X1 Cashflow
Statement? 7,000 (3,500 3,500) What is
the bond Carrying Value on the 12/31X1 Bal.
Sheet? First, lets discuss what Bond
Carrying Value means.
39Carrying value of BONDS PAYABLE
- While the specific long-term liability, Bonds
Payable, is always recorded (and kept) at face
value, the remaining balance (called the
Unamortized balance) of the Discount or Premium
will be either subtracted (if discount) or added
(if premium) to the B/P-face amount to get the
carrying value also called book value of the
bonds at any given date.
40Carrying value of BONDS PAYABLE
The December 31, 20X1 CeeDees Corp. Balance Sheet
will report the bonds at their Carrying
Value Long-term Liability section Bonds
Payable-face 100,000 Less Unamortized
Discount ( 5,066) Total Bond Liability
(Carrying V.) 94,934
Lets return to the horizontal model.
41Horizontal Model Transaction Analysis
10- 41
Recording Year 1 transactions for CeeDee
Corp. bonds
Balance Sheet
Income Statement Cashflow
- Assets Liab.
Equity Statement - Cash Bond - Bond Bond C.C. R.E.
Rev./ - Exp./ - Pay-par Disc. Prem.
Gain - Loss N.I. OA,IA,FA
O
P e r
0 92400 100000 7600
92400 FA 1 (3500) (1267)
(4767) 4767 (4767)
(3500)OA 2 (3500) (1267)
(4767) 4767 (4767)
(3500)OA bal 85400 100000 5066
(9534) 9534 (9534) 85400
bal
Bond Liability Bond Payable-face
100,000 Less Unamortized Discount 5,066
Bond Carrying Value 94,934
42Horizontal Model Transaction Analysis
10- 42
Assuming the 20X1 closing entries were made,
record the two 20X2 interest expense
transactions.
Balance Sheet
Income Statement Cashflow
- Assets Liab.
Equity Statement - Cash Bond - Bond Bond C.C. R.E.
Rev./- Exp./ - Pay-par Disc. Prem.
Gain - Loss N.I. OA,IA,FA
P e r
0 92400 100000 7600
92400 FA 1 (3500) (1267)
(4767) 4767 (4767)
(3500)OA 2 (3500) (1267)
(4767) 4767 (4767)
(3500)OA bal 85400 100000 5066
(9534) 9534 (9534) 85400
bal
C Income Statement accounts closed to 0.
0 0 0 3 (3500)
(1267) (4767)
4767 (4767) (3500)OA 4 (3500)
(1267) (4767)
4767 (4767) (3500)OA bal 78400 100000 2532
(9534) 9534
(9534) 78,400bal
C Income Statement accounts closed to 0.
0 0 0
43Horizontal Model Transaction Analysis
10- 43
Record the two 20X3 interest expense
transactions, and Record the repayment of
principal on Dec. 31, 19X3.
Balance Sheet
Income Statement Cashflow
- Assets Liab.
Equity Statement - Cash Bond - Bond Bond C.C. R.E.
Rev./ - Exp./ - Pay-par Disc. Prem.
Gain - Loss N.I. OA,IA,FA
P e r
0 92400 100000 7600
92400 FA 1 (3500) (1267)
(4767) 4767 (4767)
(3500)OA 2 (3500) (1267)
(4767) 4767 (4767)
(3500)OA bal 85400 100000 5066
(9534) 9534 (9534) 85400
bal
C Income Statement accounts closed to 0.
0 0 0 3 (3500)
(1267) (4767)
4767 (4767) (3500)OA 4 (3500)
(1267) (4767)
4767 (4767) (3500)OA bal 78400 100000 2532
(19068) 9534
(9534) 78400 bal
C Income Statement accounts closed to 0.
0 0 0
5 (3500) (1267)
(4767) 4767 (4767)
(3500)OA 6 (3500) (1265) (2
less-rounding) (4765) 4765
(4765) (3500)OA end(100000)(100000)
(100000)FA bal.(28600) 0 0
(28600) 9532 (9532)
(28600) B
44Selling Bonds - Example
- On Jan. 2, 20X1, Blimp, Inc. sells 100,000 in
bonds having a stated rate of 10 annually. The
bonds mature in 3 years and interest is paid
semiannually. The market (effective, or yield)
rate is 8 annually.
Determine whether the bonds sell at par, at a
discount, or at a premium.
45Selling Bonds - Example
- To figure out the proceeds from the sale, you
either have to calculate the present value of the
payments (using the market rate of interest) - OR
- Be told that the bonds sold at 1051/4
46Recording Bonds Sold at a Premium
- Prepare the journal entry to record the issuance
of the bonds.
Cash Bonds Payable -
face Premium on Bonds Pay.
47Recording Bonds Sold at a Premium
- Prepare the journal entry to record the issuance
of the bonds.
Cash Bonds Payable - face
100,000 Premium on Bonds Pay.
48Recording Bonds Sold at a Premium
- Prepare the journal entry to record the issuance
of the bonds.
Cash 105,250 Bonds Payable -
face 100,000 Premium on Bonds Pay.
49Recording Bonds Sold at a Premium
- Prepare the journal entry to record the issuance
of the bonds.
Cash 105,250 Bonds Payable -
face 100,000 Premium on Bonds Pay.
5,250
This is called an adjunct account and appears in
the liability section as an addition to the Bond
Payable-face liability.
50Measuring and Recording Interest on Bonds Issued
at a Premium
- The premium must be amortized over the term of
the bonds. - The premium amortization decreases the periodic
interest expense for the issuer. - Two methods are commonly used
- Straight-line amortization
- Effective-interest amortization
51Straight-Line Amortization of Bond Premium
- Identify the amount of the bond premium.
- Divide the bond premium by the number of interest
periods. - Include the premium amortization amount as part
of the periodic interest expense entry. - The premium will be reduced to zero by the
maturity date.
52Straight-Line Amortization of Bond Premium
- Prepare the journal entry to record the payment
of interest and the premium amortization for the
six months ending on June 30, 20X1.
Interest Expense Premium on Bonds
Payable Cash
53Straight-Line Amortization of Bond Premium
- Prepare the journal entry to record the payment
of interest and the premium amortization for the
six months ending on June 30, 20X1.
Interest Expense Premium on Bonds
Payable Cash 5,000
100,000 x .10 x 1/2 5,000
54Straight-Line Amortization of Bond Premium
- Prepare the journal entry to record the payment
of interest and the premium amortization for the
six months ending on June 30, 20X1.
Interest Expense Premium on Bonds
Payable 875 Cash 5,000
5,250 6 periods 875 each six months.
55Straight-Line Amortization of Bond Premium
- Prepare the journal entry to record the payment
of interest and the premium amortization for the
six months ending on June 30, 20X1.
Interest Expense 4,125 Premium on Bonds
Payable 875 Cash 5,000
The existence of a Premium causes the EFFECTIVE
interest expense (4,125) to be lower than the
CASH interest paid (5,000).
56Straight-Line Amortization of Bond Premium
- Prepare the journal entry to record the payment
of interest and the premium amortization for the
six months ending on June 30, 20X1.
Interest Expense 4,125 Premium on Bonds
Payable 875 Cash 5,000
This exact same entry will be made at the end of
each six months throughout the three year term of
the bond.
57Horizontal Model Transaction Analysis
10- 57
Record the issue of the CeeDee Corp. bonds on
1/1/X1, and the Interest expense for the
first 2 periods.
Balance Sheet
Income Statement Cashflow
- Assets Liab.
Equity Statement - Cash Bond - Bond Bond C.C. R.E.
Rev./ - Exp./ - Pay-par Disc. Prem.
Gain - Loss N.I. OA,IA,FA
P e r
0 105250 100000 5250
105250FA 1 (5000)
(875) (4125) 4125 (4125)
(5000) OA 2 (5000)
(875) (4125) 4125 (4125)
(5000) OA bal 95250 100000 3500
(8250) 8250 (8250)
95250 bal
How much Interest Expense is on the 20X1 Inc.
Statement? 8,250 (4,125 4,125) How
much interest will be on the 20X1 Cashflow
Statement? 10,000 (5,000 5,000) What
is the bond Carrying Value on the 12/31X1 Bal.
Sheet?
58Horizontal Model Transaction Analysis
10- 58
Record the issue of the CeeDee Corp. bonds on
1/1/X1, and the Interest expense for the
first 2 periods.
Balance Sheet
Income Statement Cashflow
Long-term Liabilities Bond Payable-face 100,000
Plus Unamortized Prem. 3,500 Bond
Carrying Value 103,500
- Assets Liab.
Equity Statement - Cash Bond - Bond Bond C.C. R.E.
Rev./ - Exp./ - Pay-par Disc. Prem.
Gain - Loss N.I. OA,IA,FA
O
P e r
0 105250 100000 5250
105250FA 1 (5000)
(875) (4125) 4125 (4125)
(5000) OA 2 (5000)
(875) (4125) 4125 (4125)
(5000) OA bal 95250 100000 3500
(8250) 8250 (8250)
95250 bal
How much Interest Expense is on the 20X1 Inc.
Statement? 8,250 (4,125 4,125) How
much interest will be on the 20X1 Cashflow
Statement? 10,000 (5,000 5,000) What
is the bond Carrying Value on the 12/31X1 Bal.
Sheet?
103,500
59Understanding Notes to Financial Statements
- Effective-interest method of amortization is
required by GAAP. (This method is in the
Appendix.) - Straight-line amortization may be used if it is
not materially different from effective interest
amortization. - Most companies do not disclose the method used
for bond interest amortization.
60Early Retirement of Debt
- When a bondholder (the investor) sells a bond
that is already on the market, there is no
effect on the books of the issuing company. - Occasionally, the issuing company will call
(repay early) some or all of its bonds.
61Calling a bond...
- If the bond is callable, the issuer may decided
to call the bond (retire it before maturity). - The liability and any remaining premium or
discount would be removed from the books. - The difference between cash paid and Carrying
value on that date is recorded as an income
statement Gain (cash paid lt CV) or Loss (cash
paid gt CV).
62Early Retirement of Debt
- Bonds can be retired by exercising a call
provision on the bond, or by purchasing the bond
on the open market. - Any gains or losses incurred as a result of
retiring the bonds should be reported as an
extraordinary item in the lower portion of the
income statement.
63Ex Early Retirement of Debt
What if the Blimp Corp. called their bonds at the
end of year 1? The bonds had a Call Provision
requiring the company to pay 104 to call the
bonds.
Bonds Payable - face 100,000 Unamortized
Premium 3,500 Carrying Value on
12/31/X1 103,500 Cash paid to Call bonds
104,000 Loss on Bond Retirement 500
The 500 loss is reported as an Extraordinary
item on Inc. Statement.
64Horizontal Model Transaction Analysis
10- 64
Record the CALL of the CeeDee Corp. bonds on
123/1/X1.
Balance Sheet
Income Statement Cashflow
- Assets Liab.
Equity Statement - Cash Bond - Bond Bond C.C. R.E.
Rev./ - Exp./ - Pay-par Disc. Prem.
Gain - Loss N.I. OA,IA,FA
P e r
0 105250 100000 5250
105250FA 1 (5000)
(875) (4125) 4125
(4125) (5000) OA 2 (5000)
(875) (4125) 4125
(4125) (5000) OA B 95250 100000
3500 (8250) 8250
(8250) 95250 bal
C (104000) (100000) (3500)
(500) 500 (500) (104000)FA
65Bond Sinking Funds
- A special fund to be used to retire bonds at
maturity. - Normally, periodic cash contributions are made to
the fund. - Usually reported on the balance sheet as a
non-current (investment) asset.
66Loans Long-term Mortgages
- A mortgage is a special kind of note
payable--one issued for property. - It is repaid in equal installments, part of which
are repayment of principal and part of which are
interest.
67How buying an asset using a mortgage is reflected
in the financial statements
- Journal entry when the mortgage is issued
- Debit LAND or BLDG.
- Credit Mortgage Payable
- Journal entry to make a payment
- Debit Interest expense
- Debit Mortgage Payable
- Credit Cash.
68Exampleborrowing to buy land by using a mortgage
- ABC Co. signed a 100,000, 3 yr. mortgage (for a
piece of land) which carried an 8 annual
interest rate. Payments are to be made annually
on December 31 of each year for 38,803.35. - What is the amount of the liability (mortgage
payable) after the first payment is made?
69Example continued...
- For Yr.1, the outstanding amount borrowed is
100,000 (at 8), so the interest is - 8,000
- Payment is 38,803.35, so the amount that will
reduce the principal is - 30,803.35 38,803.35-8,000
- New outstanding principal amount is
- 100,000 - 30,803.35 69,196.65
70Amortization schedule
- A B C D
- Principal Payment Interest Prin. Repaid
- Prev. bal. - D Given .08 X A (B - C)
- 100,000.00 38,803.35 8,000.00
30,803.35 - 69,196.65 38,803.35 5,535.73
33,267.62 - 35,929.03 38,803.35 2,874.32
35,929.03 - 0.00
- 69,196.65 x .08
- 38,803.35 - 5,535.73 33,267.62
- 69,196.65 - 33,267.62 35,929.03
1 2 3
71Ratio Analysis
Times-interest-earned Ratio Indicates the
borrowers ability to meet fixed interest payments
EBIT Times Interest
Earned Interest Expense
EBIT Earnings Before Interest and Taxes
Higher ratio is better indicates less risk of
default.
72Ratio Analysis
Times-interest-earned Ratio
Example Sales 100 Operating Expenses (
70) Earnings before Interest and Taxes
30 Interest Expense (10) Income before
Taxes 20 Income taxes (6) Net
Earnings 14
EBIT Interest Expense
30 10
3 times
Your financial future is
cloudy!
73Debt vs. Equity Financing
Financing with debt Interest payments are tax
deductible. Financing with Equity (additional
owners capital investment) Distributions to
owners (Dividends) are NOT tax
deductible.
74Debt vs. Equity Financing
Financing with debt Interest payments MUST BE
PAID even if the company is losing
money. Financing with Equity (additional owners
capital investment) Distributions to owners
(Dividends) could
be reduced or eliminated in bad times.
75Debt vs. Equity Financing
Matts of Milton, Inc. must raise 1,000,000 to
finance an expansion project. Two options are
being considered.
Option 1 Issue 10 year, 10 annual rate bonds
at 100.
Option 2 Attract new ownership investors by
issuing 20,000 new ownership shares at 50 each.
Current owners, holding 10,000 shares, will
expect to continue receiving their 2.50 per
share annual cash dividend distribution.
76Debt vs. Equity Financing
Use Equity Use Debt
Sales Revenue (forecasted) Operating Exp (80 x
sales) Earnings before Interest Taxes Interest
Exp. (1,000,000 x .05) Income before
taxes Income taxes (40) Net Income 2.50
Dividend on Orig. 10,000 sh. 2.50 Dividend on
Extra 20,000 sh. Addition to Retained Earnings
1,000,000 (800,000) 200,000
- 200,000 (80,000)
120,000 (25,000) (50,000) 45,000
1,000,000 (800,000) 200,000
(50,000) 150,000 60,000) 90,000
(25,000) - 65,000
77Debt vs. Equity Financing
Use Equity Use Debt
Although interest is 50,000 more, Net Income is
only 30,000 less because 20,000 less TAXES were
paid.
Sales Revenue Operating Exp (80 x
sales) Earnings before Interest Taxes Interest
Exp. (1,000,000 x .05) Income before
taxes Income taxes (40) Net Income 2.50
Dividend on Orig. 10,000 sh. 2.50 Dividend on
Extra 20,000 sh. Addition to Retained Earnings
1,000,000 (800,000) 200,000
- 200,000 (80,000)
120,000 (25,000) (50,000) 45,000
1,000,000 (800,000) 200,000
(50,000) 150,000 60,000) 90,000
(25,000) - 65,000
78Debt vs. Equity Financing
Use Equity Use Debt
There is NO tax savings on the additional 50,000
in cash dividends paid on the new shares of stock
issued to raise the 1,000,000.
Sales Revenue Operating Exp (80 x
sales) Earnings before Interest Taxes Interest
Exp. (1,000,000 x .05) Income before
taxes Income taxes (40) Net Income 2.50
Dividend on Orig. 10,000 sh. 2.50 Dividend on
Extra 20,000 sh. Addition to Retained Earnings
1,000,000 (800,000) 200,000
- 200,000 (80,000)
120,000 (25,000) (50,000) 45,000
1,000,000 (800,000) 200,000
(50,000) 150,000 60,000) 90,000
(25,000) - 65,000
79Debt vs. Equity Financing
Use Equity Use Debt
Although 50,000 is paid annually to obtain the
1,000,000 financing, the debt financing
increases Retained Earnings by an extra 20,000.
Because the interest is tax deductible the
20,000 tax savings (50,000 x 40) stays in the
company to the benefit of the owners.
Sales Revenue Operating Exp (80 x
sales) Earnings before Interest Taxes Interest
Exp. (1,000,000 x .05) Income before
taxes Income taxes (40) Net Income 2.50
Dividend on Orig. 10,000 sh. 2.50 Dividend on
Extra 20,000 sh. Addition to Retained Earnings
1,000,000 (800,000) 200,000
- 200,000 (80,000)
120,000 (25,000) (50,000) 45,000
1,000,000 (800,000) 200,000
(50,000) 150,000 60,000) 90,000
(25,000) - 65,000
80Debt vs. Equity Financing
Use Equity Use Debt
Equity transactions and Earnings per share (EPS)
are the subject of the next chapter. But notice
here that if the equity option is chosen there
are more owners with whom the current owners will
have to share all future profits. That reduces
the Earnings (profit) per share of ownership.
Sales Revenue Operating Exp (80 x
sales) Earnings before Interest Taxes Interest
Exp. (1,000,000 x .05) Income before
taxes Income taxes (40) Net Income 2.50
Dividend on Orig. 10,000 sh. 2.50 Dividend on
Extra 20,000 sh. Addition to Retained Earnings
1,000,000 (800,000) 200,000
- 200,000 (80,000)
120,000 (25,000) (50,000) 45,000
1,000,000 (800,000) 200,000
(50,000) 150,000 60,000) 90,000
(25,000) - 65,000
In this case the use of debt is an effective use
of leverage. It improves the return to the
owners as shown by the higher EPS for the debt
financing option.
Earnings per share N. Inc./ sh. 4.00
9.00 120,000/30,000sh4
90,000/10,000sh9
81This ends the main part of Chapter 10.There is a
Ready Notes Appendix that covers the following
topics
- Introduction to Present Value and Future Value -
Basic Principles - - Using P.V. to calculate loan payments
- - Using F.V. to calculate Bond Sinking Fund
payments - - Using P.V. to calculate a Bonds selling
price - The Effective Interest Method of Premium and
Discount Amortization - Bonds sold with Accrued Interest.
82Chapter 10
The Appendix follows.