Remember

1
Remember

• Look for links that you can click on to work with
  interactive material from the Internet
• This can really help enhance your learning

2
Todays Objective

• I will be able to describe the relationship
  between texture, tone color, and the orchestra

3
Two steps back

• The orchestra
• The function of the orchestra is to create more
  texture and tone color in music
• More interesting
• Multiple melodies
• Harmony
• Different tone colors
• Choir, band, etc.

4
Melody vs. Harmony

• Melody
• The rise and fall of a single voice in a piece
  of music
• Moves from one pitch to another (interval) one
  note at a time

5
Melody vs. Harmony

• Harmony
• Two or more notes of different pitches (interval)
  played at the same time
• Multiple voices at once

6
Intervals

• Melody

• Harmony

7
Harmony

• Diad
• Two notes sounded together
• Triad
• Three notes sounded together
• Basic for chords
• 1 3 5
• (Tonic, mediant, dominant scale
  degrees)

8
Harmony vs. Melody

• Chord
• All of the notes of a chord sounded at the same
  time
• Harmony
• Arpeggio
• The notes of a chord sounded one at a time
• Melody

9
Intervals

• Different intervals have different sounds or
  feelings
• Consonance
• Sounds stable, no tension
• Dissonance
• Sounds unstable, tense, wants to move
• Resolution
• When sound moves from dissonance to consonance

10
Examples

• Listen to the following intervals as
• Melodic (one at a time)
• Harmonic (both notes at once)
• How do they sound?
• Major or minor?
• Stable, pleasing (consonance)
• Unstable, tense (dissonance)
• http//www.guitarator.com/audio-interval-quiz

11
Texture

• How the horizontal and vertical strands of music
  are woven together
• Horizontal melody
• Vertical harmony

12
Texture

• Three basic types of texture
• Monophony
• Polyphony
• Homophony

13
Monophony

• muh-nof-uh-nee
• one sound
• A single melodic line
• Can be more than one voice performing THE SAME
  melodic line at the same time
• In unison
• Can be octaves apart

14
Polyphony

• puh-lif-uh-nee
• many sounds
• Two or more melodic lines OF EQUAL INTEREST
  performing at the same time
• Equal interest means they both can compete for
  your attention

15
Polyphony

• Imitation vs. monophony
• Monophony
• When multiple voices perform the same melodic
  line AT THE SAME TIME
• Imitation
• When multiple voices may repeat the same melodic
  line ONE AFTER ANOTHER
• Imitation is a form of polyphony

16
Polyphony

• Round
• Strict imitation (exactly the same)
• Row, Row, Row your boat
• Simple at the beginning at the end
• Single voices

17
Counterpoint

• When multiple melodies are combined to play off
  each other and create a meaningful whole
• Polyphony texture is sometimes also called
  contrapuntal texture

18
Homophony

• huh-mof-uh-nee
• same sound
• A single melodic lines dominates the piece while
  other voices perform accompanying harmony
• Other voices provide back-up
• Generally, all voices have the same rhythmic
  pattern

19
Lets compare
20
Texture

• Many songs use both polyphonic and homophonic
  textures
• How they switch between them depends on the form
  of the piece
• More about that later

21
Consonance Texture

• As music moves both horizontally and vertically,
  the audience is listening for consonance
• Seeking resolution to all the movement
• Most common resolution uses the tonic
• Throughout the piece
• At the very end of the music
• America

22
Examples

• Arpeggio
• Star Spangled Banner

23
Exercises

• Harmony
• The Harmonizer
• The Harmony Viewer
• Harmony Quiz

24
Tone color

• The distinct sound of a particular instrument
• Also called timbre (tam-bur)

25
Families of Instruments

• 5 Main Families
• Voices
• Strings
• Woodwinds
• Brass
• Percussion
• Grouped by how the sound is produced

26
Voices

• SATB
• Soprano
• Alto
• Tenor
• Bass

27
Note about modern instruments

• The instruments we use today became common around
  1750
• Beginning of Classical era
• Older predecessors used less and less
• Piano becomes more common
• Modern orchestra begins to appear

28
Strings

• Played by plucking, striking, or bowing the
  strings
• The bow
• Violin
• Viola
• Cello
• Double bass
• Harp

29
Woodwinds

• Played by blowing air through a tubelike body
• Holes in the body either lengthen or shorten the
  length of the body
• Longer bodies lower pitched
• Shorter bodies higher pitched

30
Woodwinds

• Piccolo
• Flute
• Oboe
• Clarinet
• Bassoon

31
Brass

• The player buzzes his lips against the
  mouthpiece
• Pressing valves open and shut different parts of
  the instrument
• Changes pitch
• Trombone does this using the slide

32
Brass

• Trumpet
• French horn
• Trombone
• Tuba

33
Percussion

• Produce sound by being struck, shaken, or scraped
• Definite pitch no definite pitch
• Ex xylophone vs. cymbals

34
Percussion

• Definite pitch
• Tympani
• Xylophone
• Chimes
• No definite pitch
• Bass drum
• Cymbals
• Gong

35
The Orchestra
36
The Instruments of the Orchestra

• Britten's Guide to the Orchestra

37
Closure

• On your slate
• What are the two things that are combined
  together to create texture?
• What are the three basic forms of musical
  texture?

38
Closure

• On your slate
• Describe the following
• Monophony
• Polyphony
• Homophony

39
Closure

• On your slate
• What is
• Imitation?
• A round?

40
Closure

• On your slate
• What is tone color?
• When did the modern orchestra come into existence?

41
Closure

• On your slate
• Name the instruments of the
• Stringed family
• Woodwind family
• Brass family
• Percussion family