The Development of Man and Civilizations

1
The Development of Man and Civilizations
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Hunter/Gatherer Societies

• The life of early hunter/gatherer societies was
  influenced by their physical environment
• Survival depended on availability of wild plants
  and animals

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Development of Man

• Early Man
• Homo Habilis
• Appeared in east Africa 2.5 million years ago
• First hominid to use tools
• Homo Erectus
• Appeared 1.6 million years ago
• First hominid to migrate out of Africa
• Used extensive technology
• More intelligent, larger brain
• Used fire and developed spoken language for the
  first time

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Homo Habilis
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Homo erectus
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Development of Man

• Modern Man
• Homo Sapiens-emerged 100,000 to 400,000 years ago
  in Europe
• Neanderthals
• 200,000 to 30,000 years ago
• Tried to explain and control their environment
• Developed religion, spiritual life very rich as
  evidenced by funerals
• Used technology
• Cro-Magnon Man
• 40,000 years ago
• Identical to modern humans
• Studied animals and their habits in order to plan
  hunts
• Had greater control of language which helped them
  to organize (gave them an edge over Neanderthals
  and helped them increase their population)

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Homo sapien-Neanderthal
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Homo sapien-Cro-Magnon
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The Paleolithic Era (Old Stone Age) 2.5 million
years ago until 8,000 B.C. (B.C.E)

• Nomadic
• Migrated in search of food, water, and shelter
• Invented the first tools including simple weapons
  
• Learned how to make and use fire
• lived in clans
• developed oral language
• created cave art

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The Neolithic Era (Neolithic Revolution/New Stone
Age) 8,000 years ago until about 3,000 B.C.E.

• Also known as the agricultural revolution
• Domesticated plants (agriculture) and
  domesticated (tamed for human use) animals
• Eliminated nomadic tendencies
• Slash and burn farming technique
• -cut and burned fields of trees or grass
  leftover ash fertilized soil used field for 1-2
  years and then moved on
• Slowly tamed animals and used them for food and
  labor
• Steady food sourcesettling down of man
• used advanced tools
• made pottery
• developed weaving skills

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Humans Development
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Archaeology

• Archaeologists study past cultures by locating
  and analyzing human remains, settlements,
  fossils, and artifacts
• Show us how people dressed, worded, worshipped,
  etc.
• Apply scientific test such as carbon dating to
  analyze fossils and artifacts
• Famous Archaeological Finds
• Mary Leakey
• -1978 Laetoli in Tanzania (East Africa)
  Pre-Historic footprints of humanlike beings
  called Australopithecines
• Donald Johanson
• -1974 Ethiopia (Africa) Lucy is 3.5 million
  years ago (oldest hominid found to date)

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Archeaelogy
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Archaeology-Stonehenge

• Stonehenge
• -archaeological site in England that was begun
  during the Neolithic Age and completed during the
  
• Bronze Age (begun around 3000 B.C. when people
  began to use bronze (copper and tin mix) to
• make tools and weapons instead of stone or wood)

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Stonehenge-England
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Other Archeological Sites

• Early cities in the Fertile Crescent
• Aleppo
• Jericho
• Catalhöyük
• Neolithic settlement currently under excavation
  in Anatolia (modern day Turkey)

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Catalhoyuk in Anatolia

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?v9oUQIlCuY9c
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vBa1xPp0Vn-Q

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Aleppo and Jericho in the Fertile Crescent
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The Growth of Civilizations

• Villages Grow into Cities
• Population grows as nomadic hunter-gatherers
  settle into village life
• Economic changes
• Large cities build irrigation systems to raise
  more crops which result in food surpluses
• Some individuals can now pursue other jobs and
  develop new skills
• Ancient settlers become craftspeople (make metal
  objects, pottery, woven goods)
• Merchants now had more goods to trade
• The wheel and the sail enable traders to
  transport more goods over longer distances
• Social Changes
• More complex and prosperous economy results in a
  more complex set of social classes
• People with varying degrees of wealth and power
  start to emerge as cities grow

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The Definition of Civilization

• Advanced Cities-center of trade for a larger area
  (farmers, merchants, and traders bring goods to
  city to do business) not just dependent on
  population although cities have large populations
  
• Specialized Workers-traders, government
  officials, priests, etc. People develop skills in
  a specific kind of work because they no longer
  need to worry about getting food. Artisans are
  skilled workers who make goods by hand.
• Complex Institutions-Government, religion, and
  economy are examples of institutions. An
  institution is a long-lasting pattern of
  organization in a community. Temples in cities
  became important institutions where religious,
  economic, and governmental activities took place.
  
• Record Keeping-As government, religion, and trade
  became more complex people needed to keep records
  (tax collection, passage of laws, rituals, etc.).
  Sumerian scribes (professional record-keepers)
  used cuneiform to keep records. Some began to
  keep record of important events which became the
  first written histories of cities.
• Advanced Technology-New tools and techniques were
  needed to solve problems. Animals were used for
  labor with the invention of the plow, irrigation
  systems for watering crops. Development also of
  pottery wheel and bronze (mix of copper and tin)
  to make weapons and tools.

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An example Civilization in UrOne of the
earliest cities of Sumer (around 3000 B.C.E.) on
the banks of the Euphrates river

• Agricultural Economy ox-driven plows, irrigation
  systems help to create food surpluses
• City Life most live in one-story homes, wealthy
  live in two-story homes artisans keep shops
• Trade artisans, farmers, and merchants trade
  their goods and scribes keep track (barter
  system trading goods and services without money)
  
• Ziggurat the temple of the city, terms means
  mountain of god the center of the city where
  priests do rituals

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Ziggurat in Ur
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River Valley Civilizations (3500-500 B.C.E.)

• River Valleys offered rich soils and irrigation
  waters for agriculture and tended to be in
  locations easily protected from invasion by
  nomadic peoples, and thus served as the perfect
  places for the birth of civilizations.
• Mesopotamian Civilizations-Tigris and Euphrates
  River Valley (Southwest Asia)
• Indian Civilization-Indus River Valley (South
  Asia)
• Chinese Civilization-Huang He River Valley (East
  Asia)
• Egyptian Civilization-Nile River Valley and Delta
  (Africa)

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Mesopotamian Civilization

• Geography of the Fertile Crescent
• Land between the Mediterranean Sea and Southwest
  Asia has a dry desert climate
• Fertile Crescent-small crescent shaped area of
  land that is very fertile due to annual flooding
  of the rivers which leaves silt (rich soil) which
  is used by farmers to grow surpluses of crops
• Environmental challenges and Solutions for Sumer
  and its city-states
• Flooding was unpredictable and land quickly dried
  up.
• Solution build irrigation ditches
• No natural barriers for protection from invasion
• Solution build city-states with government and
  armies to try to protect cities
• Natural resources were limited
• Solution trade (barter) with other peoples

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Mesopotamia
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Mesopotamian Civilization

• Sumerian City-States and Social Hierarchy
• Sumer is the first civilization, set apart by
  five characteristics
• 1) advanced cities 3)complex
  institutions 5) record-keeping
• 2) specialized workers 4)advanced
  technology
• City-states (Sumers city-states include Uruk,
  Kish, Lagash, Umma, and Ur)
• - each city was part of Sumer but had its own
  independent government,
• rulers, and army
• Sumers Government and Social Hierarchy
• Social Hierarchy (rigid class system slavery
  was accepted)
• - Priests powerful because they were the
  intermediary between god and city
• - Monarchs leaders of armies became head of
  government, even in times of peace would hand
  power over to heir creating a dynasty (power
  remains in hands of one family-hereditary rulers)
• - Merchants wealthy traders
• - Artisans and farmers
• - Slaves

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Mesopotamian Civilization

• Sumerian Religion
• Religion is central in Sumerian city-states and
  other ancient civilizations
• Polytheistic belief in many gods belief that
  gods are much like humans except they have
  special
• powers and are immortal

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The First Empires

• empire brings together peoples, nations, or
  independent states under one ruler
• Sargon of Akkad (Semitic leader who took control
  about 2350 B.C. dynasty lasted about 200 years)
• -Defeated Sumerian city-states but had already
  adopted and spread Sumerian culture
• -created first empire which fell 200 years later
  due to internal fighting and invasion
• Babylonian Empire (Amorite invasion, established
  around 2000 B.C. lasted about 200 years)
• -established capital at Babylon on banks of
  Euphrates river
• -peak of power under Hammurabi from 1792-1750
  B.C.
• -First code of law Hammurabis Code put together
  282 different laws
• -covered many issues (family, land, etc.
  punishment was often retaliatory (eye for an
  eye)
• -reflected belief that government has a
  responsibility to those it governs
• -reflected class differences

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The First Empires

• Sargon-Akkadian Empire
• Hammurabi-
• Code of Law
• Hanging Gardens

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The Indus River Valley Civilization

• Geography
• The two most important rivers whose annual
  flooding provided rich silt for agriculture in
  the Indus River Civilization were the Indus and
  the Ganges
• Physical barriers such as the Himalayas, the
  Hindu Kush, and the Indian Ocean made invasion
  more difficult
• Mountain passes in the Hindu Kush provided
  invasion routes into the Indian subcontinent
• Because the rivers flowed into the Indian Ocean
  they opened up the civilization to trade with
  other peoples, including the Mesopotamians

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Indus River Valley Civilization
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Indus River Valley Culture and its End

• Archaeological evidence suggests that social
  divisions were not great and that the economy was
  prosperous
• Religious artifacts reveal links to modern Hindu
  culture
• Early Indians also conducted long-distance trade
• Neared its end around 1500 B.C.

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Invasion of the Aryans (Indo-Aryans)

• Indo-Europeans were semi-nomadic peoples from the
  steppesdry grasslands that stretched north of
  the Caucasus (mountains between the Black and
  Caspian seas)
• predecessor of Indo-European languages
• begin to migrate and settle throughout Europe and
  Asia

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Aryan Migration out of steppes
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Aryans come through Hindu Kush

• Aryans entered India through the pass in the
  Hindu Kush mountains and asserted their dominance

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Caste system introduced

• Established a rigid caste system which was
  hereditary (your station was passed down from
  your parents)
• Brahmins priests
• Warriors
• Peasants/Traders
• Laborers/Craftsmen
• Untouchables people whos jobs made them
  unclean (butchers, gravediggers, etc.)
• Vedas-sacred literature which consisted of
  prayers, spells, and instructions for rituals
• left us a good record of Aryan life

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The Gupta Empire 300 A.D. (Named for founder
Chandra Gupta)

• Chandra Gupta established Indias second great
  empire in 320 A.D. by marrying the daughter of an
  old influential family
• Reaches peak around 375 A.D. and empire begins to
  break up with the death of Chandra Gupta II
  around 415 A.D.
• Golden Age of classical Indian culture and its
  contributions
• this period started a highly productive period in
  literature, art, science, and mathematics that
  continued until roughly A.D. 500
• Mathematics modern numerals, the zero, and the
  decimal system value of pi and calculation of
  the solar year
• new textiles
• literature

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Hinduism

• Origins and beliefs
• Sacred writings Vedas and Upanishads
  (meditations and comments on Vedas and other
  important questions (what is morality, is there
  eternal life, what is the soul, etc.)
• reincarnation (rebirth) an individual soul or
  spirit is born again and again until moksha is
  achieved (perfect understanding)
• karma (souls good or bad deeds) follows from
  one reincarnation to another influences specific
  life circumstances
• caste system in religious law based on
  occupations (as above-untouchables labeled by
  job)
• Three Major gods
• god/deity can take on many forms
• Brahma the creator, Vishnu the protector,
  Shiva the destroyer

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Hindu god-three in one
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Ancient China

• Geography
• Chinas Heartland (between the Huang He (Yellow)
  river and the Yangtze river) Fertile land which
  produced food supply and remained central focus
  of Chinese civilization. Loess is fertile soil
  left by flooding of the Huang He river
• Two-thirds of China is desert or mountain, with
  remaining land mainly found between the two
  rivers
• Barriers of desert and ocean left China fairly
  isolated from trade but migratory invaders were
  able to raid Chinese settlements from the North

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Ancient China
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Dynasties (Shang 1532-1027 B.C. and Zhou
1027-256 B.C.)

• The Shang dynasty was the first family to leave
  written records
• They built elaborate palaces and tombs
• The cities of the Shang were built mainly of wood
  and surrounded by earthen walls
• The Zhou overthrew the Shang in 1027 B.C.
• Claimed they had the Mandate of Heaven (royal
  authority comes from heaven)

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Civilization Culture, Society, and Technology

• Family is central to Chinese society and respect
  for elders is most important
• Religious beliefs centered around family as
  welldead family members could help or hinder
  those left in life
• Chinese writing was universal and the same
  throughout China, but it had an enormous number
  of symbols which made it difficult to learn
• Social classes were distinct The king came
  first, then the ruling class of nobles/warriors,
  then the peasants and farmers
• Technology
• -Bronze working (bronze only for the wealthy)
• -development of silk clothing
• -iron used for weapons and tools which made
  farming more productive

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Buddhism

• Founder Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)
• Four Noble Truths (1)life is suffering, (2)cause
  is desire, (3)end desire to end suffering,
  (4)attain enlightenment through Eightfold Path to
  end desire
• Eightfold Path to Enlightenment (the Middle Way)
  (1)Right Views, (2)Right Resolve, (3)Right
  Speech, (4)Right Conduct, (5)Right Livelihood,
  (6)Right Effort, (7)Right Mindfulness, and
  (8)Right Concentration
• Followed the Silk Road (trades routes through
  Central Asia) to reach China
• -Silk Roads facilitated trade and
  contact between China and other cultures as far
  away as Rome
• Asoka, ruler of Mauryan empire in India in 269
  B.C., and his missionaries followed and helped to
  spread Buddhism to China and other parts of Asia

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The Silk Road
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Confucianism shapes Chinese society
(Confuciusscholoraround 500 B.C.)

• Belief that humans are good, not bad
• Respect for elders
• Code of politeness still used in Chinese society
  today
• Emphasis on education to turn people good
• Ancestor worship
• Helped create bureaucracy, a trained civil
  service, upon ideals of Confucianism

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Confucius
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Taoism shapes Chinese culture and values

• Humility
• Simple life and inner peace
• Harmony with nature
• Yin/Yang represented opposites for Confucianism
  and Taoism

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Contributions of classical China

• Civil service system
• Paper
• Porcelain
• Silk

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Shi Huangdi of Qin dynasty and the Great Wall

• Qin takes over after Zhou dynasty
• Shi Huangdi crushes opposition and develops
  autocracy (rule by one)
• Centralized China builds roads, standardized
  writing, laws, currency, and weights and measures
  
• The Great Wall of China
• -built by peasants who were forced to labor
• -approximately 1400 miles long
• -meant to keep nomads from the North from
  invading
• -so huge that its visible from space

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The Great Wall of China
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Shi Huangdi
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Phoenicians

• Phoenicians
• Took over control of Mediterranean trade after
  fall of Minoan civilization on island of Crete
• Settled along Mediterranean (part of Fertile
  Crescent) and also established city-states around
  sea including area that is today Lebanon. Most
  important city was Carthage
• Amazing shipbuilders and seafarers, this led to
  widespread trade of goods and ideas
• The Alphabet
• -used symbols to represent sounds spread to
  Greeks predecessor of our alphabet

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The Phoenicians
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The Phoenician Alphabet
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The Hebrews

• Home in Palestine (called Canaan by Jews) between
  the Jordan river and the Mediterranean the
  crossroads between Egypt and Assyria and
  Babylonia
• Kingdom of Israel established and grew under
  Saul, David, and Solomon
• -Kingdom divided into Israel and Judah they are
  taken over by Babylonians
• -Babylonian captivity or exile Jews sent to
  Babylonhelped to spread their beliefs
• DIASPORA-spreading out (the diaspora of Hebrews
  helped spread Judaism)

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Hebrews in Jerusalem
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Judaism

• Abraham is Father of the Jews obeyed God and
  went from Ur (Mesopotamia) to Canaan to Egypt and
  back
• -Torah written record of beliefs of the Hebrews
• -Monotheistic belief in one God
• -Covenant God (Yahweh) protects people because
  Abraham agrees to obey
• -Hebrews go to Egypt and become slaves they are
  led out of Egypt by Moses
• -Moses given Ten Commandments atop Mt. Sinai
  during Exodus these are the basis for civil
  and religious law

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The Persians

• 550 B.C.E. Cyrus conquers neighbors and controls
  the Fertile Crescent and Anatolia (Turkey today)
• Governing Style
• -tolerance of conquered people
• -development of imperial bureaucracy provinces
  placed under control of governor (satrap) but
  takes orders from central ruler
• -Royal Road (1677 miles) system of roads built
  to facilitate trade but also administration of
  government throughout empire

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The Persian Empire
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Zoroastrianism (Persian Religion)

• Zoraster is founder of religion
• -Good (god of truth and light) is Ahura Mazda vs.
  Bad (god of evil and darkness) is Ahriman
• -Final judgment at death, if you follow Ahura
  Mazda you will go to paradise, if you follow
  Ahriman, you go to the Underworld
• -ideas about heaven, hell, final judgment, and
  personal choices to decide fate all influence
  other religions (like Christianity)

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EgyptThe Old Kingdom (2660-2180 B.C.E.)

• Geography of Egypt
• Nile is longest river in the world (4100 miles)
  and flows from south to north, emptying into the
  Mediterranean sea
• Annual flooding happens the same time every year
  this predictability allows Egyptians to plan
  their planting and harvesting seasons life is
  more optimistic than in Mesopotamia where
  flooding is unpredictable
• Deserts on either side help to keep them isolated
  and protect them from invasion
• The flow of the Nile allowed for easy trade of
  goods and ideas between Upper and Lower Egypt
• Egyptians also traded with other civilizations,
  especially the Mesopotamians

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Egypt
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Egypt

• Upper Egypt (to the South)
• skinny strip of land from the first cataract
  (granite cliffs and boulders turn river into
  rapids) to the point where the river starts to
  fan out into many branches
• Lower Egypt (to the North)
• last 750 miles before the Nile empties into the
  Mediterranean
• consists of the marshy Nile delta (about 100
  miles before sea) rich soil provides home to
  many animals and plants
• Egypt Unites The Old Kingdom (2660-2180 B.C.)
• -Menes, strong ruler of Upper Egypt unites all
  of Egypt
• -established capital where Upper and Lower
  Egypt meet, at Memphis and started Egypts first
  dynasty
• -Pharaohs rule as gods and stand at center of
  religion and
• government
• -Pharaoh is seen as a god on earth (government
  where ruler is a
• divine figure is a theocracy)
• -Pyramids are built as tombs for the pharaohs
  who have eternal life and will continue to help
  rule even after death pyramids are huge
  structures filled with everything a person would
  need in life

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Menes and Mummification
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Egyptian Religion

• Egyptians were polytheistic (Ra the sun god,
  Horus the god of light, Osiris the god of the
  dead)
• Believed in an afterlife decided by deeds on
  earth eternal life in the Other World for the
  good and for the bad their soul would be eaten by
  the Devourer of Souls
• Mummification-embalming and drying of the corpse
  to preserve the body for the afterlife
• Many Egyptians prepared tombs for themselves and
  kept a copy of the Book of the Dead

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Egyptian Society

• Societys Pyramid with Pharaohs and his family on
  top, the upper class (priests, warriors, wealthy)
  second, and the commoners (laborers/farmers/slaves
  ) on the bottom
• Egyptians could move up through marriage or
  success in their jobs
• People needed to be able to read and write to
  earn the best jobs
• Women had many of the same rights as men
  (marriage, divorce, land ownership)

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Egyptian Writing

• Hieroglyphics (Greek for sacred carving)
• Started like Sumerian cuneiform because each
  symbol stood for an idea (like pictographs)
• Eventually the symbols stood also for sounds
  (like Phoenician alphabet)
• Developed papyrus (tall reeds that were soaked
  and dried together to make paper-like sheets)
• Rosetta Stone discovered in 1799 and had three
  languages on it, including hieroglyphics helped
  archaeologists to figure out language

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Ancient Writing
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Egyptian Science and Technology

• Written numbers for counting, adding,
  subtracting early form of geometry used to
  redraw boundary lines after floods math
  calculations and engineering used to build
  pyramids
• Developed 365 day calendar by tracking the star
  now known as Sirius
• Medicine was both magic and scientific
  (understood pulse, surgery, splints for broken
  bones, etc.)

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The First Intermediate Period, the Middle
Kingdom, and the Second Intermediate Period

• Power of pharaohs decline and a period of
  weakness and turmoil set in (2180-2080 B.C.)
• Strong pharaohs begin to restore law and order
  (2080-1640 B.C.)
• Improve trade and transportation and new wealth
  leads to public works projects
• canal dug from Nile to the Red Sea
• huge dikes built to channel water for irrigation
  of fields
• drained swamps of lower Egypt to make more
  farmland
• Hyksos (Asian nomads) sweep into Egypt on
  chariots and take over (1640-1075 B.C.)

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The Hyksos
73
The New Kingdom (1570-1075 B.C.)

• The Hyksos are overthrown by strong Egyptian
  leaders who begin to create an Egyptian empire
• Army is developed which use bronze weapons,
  chariots, archers, and infantry
• Hatshepsut attempts to encourage trade and build
  wealth
• Thutmose III (Hatshepsuts stepson) takes over
  and wages war to extend the empire into Nubia to
  the south of Egypt
• While conquering Syria and Palestine Egypt fought
  the Hittites
• -Battle of Kadesh two armies fight till
  standstill
• -Ramses II and the Hittite king make treaty
• -Ramses II is a powerful ruler who builds
• monuments to himself, has 150 children, live
  to be
• 99 years old
• Valley of the Kings near Thebes is covered with
  large pyramids and monuments to the pharaohs, and
  despite their massive size, they were not as
  skillfully built as those from the First Kingdom

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Pyramids at Giza
75
Egypt after the New Kingdom The Empire Declines

• Invasions by land and sea
• People of the Sea (possibly Philistines) attack
  Egypt and Hittites
• Libyans from the west cross the desert and
  establish rule over Egypt (950-730 B.C.)
• The Kushites of Nubia
• Nubia was ruled by Egypt from 2000-1000 B.C.
• Kushites adopted Egyptian culture (language,
  religion, hieroglyphics, etc.)
• 751 B.C. Piankhi (Kushite) takes over Egypt from
  Libyans) and restores Egypts glory
• Assyrians (from Southwest Asia) conquer Egypt and
  the Kushites, who establish their kingdom at
  Meroë and flourish until they are defeated by
  Aksum