Title: Ancient Civilizations
1AncientCivilizations
- Emerging Europe and
- The Byzantine Empire
2Germanic Kingdoms
- Germanic people began moving into Rome in the 3rd
century - Visigoths occupied Spain Italy until the
Ostrogoths took control of Italy in the 5th
century - By 500 Western Roman empire had became of
states ruled by German kings - Germanic Angles Saxons Anglo-Saxons moved
into Britain in 5th century - Clovis-Christian convert, established Frankish
kingdom -500
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4Germanic Kingdoms
- Clovis converted to Christianity after calling
for Jesus help during battle the enemy fled
after the plea - Clovis gained support of the Roman Catholic
Church - By 510, Clovis established Frankish kingdom from
Pyrenees to present day Germany - After Clovis death, his sons divided the kingdom
- Germans Romans intermarried German customs
had an important role - Extended family was center of society
5Clovis
6Germanic Kingdoms
- Extended families in German society worked
together defended each other during violent
times - Germanic law was personal, one injuring another
led to a savage blood feuds - Wergild (money for a man) system was developed to
avoid bloodshed after crimes such as murder/
wrongdoer paid the injured partys family a set
amount of money which varied by social status
7Role of the Church
- Christianity became main religion of Roman empire
by 4th century - Roman church developed a system of organization
- Priests was head of parishes local communities
- Bishop was head of diocese - a group of parishes
or bishopric - Archbishop head of groups of diocese
- Bishop of Rome became known as Pope the head of
what is now known as the Roman Catholic Church
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9Pope
Patriarch
Archdiocese/Archbishop
Bishop/Diocese
______
Priest/Parish
10Roman Catholic Church
- Pope claim was based on the belief that Jesus
gave Peter the keys to Heaven - Peter was considered to be the chief apostle
the first bishop of Rome - Bishops who succeeded Peter were called popes
Latin word for papa father - Western Christians accepted the pope as the
churchs leader, but could not agree on the
popes powers - Gregory I strengthened power by taking political
control of Rome surrounding territories
11Gregory I
12Role of Church
- Gregory pope from 590-604, extended papal
authority over the Western Church actively
converted non-Christians - Monk man who separates himself from the rest of
the world to become closer to God/ Monasticism is
the practice of living like a monk - Saint Benedict founded an order of Monks wrote
rules for their practice - Benedicts rules divided the day into activities
emphasizing prayer physical labor to keep monks
busy
13Role of Church
- Monks meditated read privately/ They prayed
together seven times a day - All aspects of Benedict life was communal
- Abbot (father) ruled each Benedictine monastery
- Monks were to obey the Abbot/ took a vowel of
poverty/monks dedication made then new heroes of
Christian civilization/ were social workers in
communities - Monks spread Christianity throughout Europe/Irish
English monks were enthusiastic missionaries
14Role of Church
- Nuns women who withdrew from the world to
dedicate themselves to God - Nuns lived in convents headed abbesses
- Abess Hilda founded a monastery in Whitby in 657
where she educated five future bishops
15St. Benedict
16 Roles
17 18Nuns Monks
19Charlemagne
- 600 700s, Frankish kings lost their power to
the chief officers of the kings household
mayors of the palace - Pepin assumed the kingship
- Pepins son became king after his death in 768
son was Charles the Great Charlemagne - Charlemagne one of historys great kings/
curious, driven, intelligent, strong warrior,
devout Christian/ was illiterate, but strongly
supported learning - Ruled from 768 to 814/ Expanded the Frankish
kingdom into Carolingian empire covered much of
western central Europe
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22Charlemagne
- Charlemagne established missi dominci (messengers
of the lord king) two men who were sent to make
for sure the kings wishes were followed - 800, he was crowned emperor of the Romans/ the
coronation symbolized the coming together of the
Roman, Christian, Germanic elements that forged
European civilization - Carolingian Renaissance was promoted by
Charlemagne desire to promote learning - Benedictine monks played important role in
revival of learning
23Early Weapons of Mass Destruction
24Fall of Carolingian empire
- Charlemagne died in 814/ by 844 Carolingian
empire divided into 3 kingdoms by grandsons - Muslims invaded southern France
- Magyars settled on the plains of Hungary
- Vikings (Norsemen of Scandinavia) attacked the
empire - Vikings were superb warriors shipbuilders/
famed dragon ships carrying about 50 men could go
shallow rivers to attack inland - 9th century, Vikings settled in Europe
- 911, Frankish king gave Vikings land of Normandy
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27Feudalism
- Invaders posed a threat to the safety of the
people due to decentralized government - People began to turn landed aristocrats or nobles
for protection/ led to feudalism - Feudalism arose between 800-900/ similar system
in Japan- Samurai - Vassalage center of feudalism/ came from
Germanic society where warriors swore oath to
their leader - Vassal man who served a lord militarily
28 Feudalism Military Service for Land
29Feudalism
- Knights heavily armored warriors
- Male armor made of metal links or plates
- Frankish army initially set up foot soldiers in
mail - Heavily armored knights dominated warfare for
over 500 years - Knights had great prestige formed much of
European aristocracy - Early Middle Ages (500-1000) wealth was based on
owning land/very little trade - Nobles gave a piece of land to vassals in
exchange for fighting fief
30Feudalism
- Vassals had political authority in their fief/in
charge of keeping order - Feudalism became complicated kings had vassals
who had vassals - Feudal contract unwritten rules that
characterized feudalism/relationship between king
vassal/knights for about 40-60 days a year - Vassals were to advise the lord, financial
obligations to the lord, knighting of his eldest
son, - Lord supported the vassal with land grant
protection in military court
31Feudal Obligations
- Vassals
- Military service for 40-60 days.
- Homage.
- Serve on the lords court.
- Gifts for weddings and knighthoods.
- Ransom.
- Lords
- Protection.
- Justice.
- Wardship oversee personal affairs and family if
vassal dies in service.
32Page, Squire, Knight
33Joust
34Feudalism
- Castles permanent residences fortresses/s
increased in high middle ages(1000-1300) - Middle Ages nobles dominated European society/
main concern was warfare - Nobles kings, dukes, counts, barons, bishops,
archbishops - Knighthood united lords knights in
aristocracy - Knights trained as warriors/ no adult
responsibility - Young knights held tournaments to show their
skills/ joust became main attraction
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37Feudalism
- 11th 12th century, under influence of Church-
chivalry became important to knights - Chivalry civilized behavior, knights were to
defend the church defenseless people, treat
captives as honored guests, fight for glory not
rewards - Women could own property, but were under control
of men/ first their fathers, then their husbands - Lady of the castle in charge of household
estate - Eleanor of Aquitane married to king Louis VII
of France Henry II of England/ 2 children
became kings of England
38Eleanor
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41Alfred the Great Unified The Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy
42England
- King Alfred the Great united the various kingdoms
of England that had been ruled by Anglo-Saxon
kings - Angles, Saxons, Germanic people were united
43Norman Conquest
- 10/4/1066, William of Normandy defeated King
Harold of England at the battle of Hastings - William was then crowned King of England
- Norman knights received land as a fief and swore
allegiance to the king - Marriage of French Anglo-Saxons led to a new
English culture - Normans adopted Anglo-Saxon institutions office
of sheriff, census called Domesday Book - William further developed taxation royal courts
44William I, the Conqueror Brought Norman Feudalism
To England
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46Henry II
- Henry II enlarged English monarchy
- Expanded the power of the royal courts kings
power/increased of criminal cases tried on the
kings court - Common law replaced law codes across the kingdom
- Tried to control Church but failed
- Thomas Beckett, archbishop of Canterbury said
only Roman Catholic Church could try clergy - Four knights murdered Beckett, Henry was outraged
backed down
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48Magna Carta
- English nobles resented the growth of the kings
power/ rebellion was raised against King John - 1215, King John was forced to put his seal on the
Magna Carta - Magna Carta feudal document, written
recognition that the power of the king was
limited - 13th century, under Edward I English parliament
emerged - Parliament 2 knights from every county, 2
people from every town, and all the bishops
nobles throughout England
49John Was Forced To Sign the Magna Carta in 1215
50English Parliament
- Eventually 2 houses were formed
- Nobles church lords formed House of the Lords
- Knights townspeoples House of Commons
- Parliaments granted taxes passed laws
51Edward I Called a Parliament Of Lords and Commons
52French Kingdom
- Kingdom of France was 1/3 of the former
Carolingian empire - Hugh Capet was chosen to be king by west Frankish
nobles establishing the Capetian dynasty - Capetians had little power only controlled the
land around Paris/ Dukes had more power than
kings - Phillip II of Augustus was the turning point in
the French monarchy - Phillip waged war against England gained
control of the Normandy, Maine, Anjou, Aquitaine
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54French Kingdom
- Phillip II successors continued to add land to
the Kingdom - 13th century, Louis IX ruled/ deeply religious
man who later made a saint by the Catholic
church/Known for his attempts bring justice to
his people - Phillip IV, Phillip the Fair, effective in
strengthening the French monarchy expanding the
royal bureaucracy - Phillip IV started a French parliament/Estates
General
55Louis IX
56Philip IV Called the Estates- General to Raise
Taxes
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58Holy Roman Empire
- German kings attempted to rule both German
Italian lands but struggled to do so - Fredericks attempt to conquer northern Italy
caused problems - Pope opposed him fearing that he wanted to
include Rome the papal states - Northern Italian cities did not want to be his
subjects - Alliance of Italian cities pope defeated
Frederick I in 1176 - Frederick II also waged a war against the pope
northern cities lost
59Otto I
60East Central Europe
- Slavic people divided into 3 groups western,
eastern, southern Slavs - Western Slavs formed the Polish Bohemian
kingdoms - Poles, Czechs, Hungarians were all converted to
Christianity by German Monks - Eastern Slavic people were converted to Orthodox
Christianity by two Byzantine missionary
brothers Cyril Methodius - Croats, Serbs, Bulgarians were converted to
Eastern Orthodoxy
61St. Cyril and St. Methodius
62Russia
- Eastern Slavic people settled in present day
Ukraine Russia - 8th century, Swedish Vikings began to move in
search of plunder trade routes - Vikings eventually dominated the native people
- Vikings named it Rus where word Russia is
derived
63Kievan Rus
- Oleg, Viking leader, settled in Kiev at the
beginning of 10th century created principality
of Kiev - Oleg successors expanded Kiev until it reached
territory between Baltic Black Seas, Danube
Volga rivers - Vikings married Slavic wives gradually
assimilated into the Slavic population - Rus leader, Vladimir, married sister of Byzantine
Emperor officially accepted the Eastern
Orthodox Church for all the people in 988 - Kievan Rus prospered up until invasions brought
an end to the 1st Russian state in 1169
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65Oleg
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67Vladimir I Chose Eastern Orthodoxy
68Mongol Rule in Russia
- 13th century, Mongols conquered Russia forced
Russian princes to pay tribute to them - Alexander Nevsky, prince of Novgorood, defeated a
German army in northwest Russia in 1242 - Khan, leader of Mongolia, rewarded Nevsky title
of grand prince - Nevsky descendants became princes of Moscow
eventual leaders of Russia
69Alexander Nevsky, Prince Of Novgorod
70Thanksgiving Kitty
71Reign of Justinian
- 5th century, Eastern Roman empire was centered
around Constantinople - Justinian became emperor in 527/ determined to
reestablish the Roman empire in the
Mediterranean/ reached his goals by 552 - 3 years after Justinians death, the Lombards
conquered Italy most of the area that Justinian
had controlled - Justinian created the Body of Civil Law code of
Roman laws that was the basis of imperial law in
Eastern Roman empire until its end in 1453
72 Constantinople
73Emperor Justinian
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75Beginning of Byzantine Empire
- Justinians conquest left Eastern Roman empire
with too much land to protect far from
Constantinople - Arab Muslims were the biggest threat to Eastern
Roman Empire - Islamic forces defeated an army of Eastern Roman
at Yarmuk in 636 lost Syria Palestine - 679, Bulgars defeated the Eastern Roman empire
took possession of the lower Danube Valley - 8th century, Eastern Roman empire was much
smaller (Asia minor eastern Balkans)
76Byzantine Empire
- Both a Greek Christian state
- Greek replaced Latin as the official language
- Christian church became known as Eastern Orthodox
Church - Byzantine emperor controlled the church the
state - Emperor appointed the head of the church
- Government religious officials were all bound
together in the service of a spiritual ideal
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78Life in Constantinople
- Largest city in Europe in the Middle Ages
- Based on trade until the 12th century/ Europes
greatest center of Commerce - During Justinians reign, silkworms were smuggled
from China to begin a silk industry - Hagia Sophia church of Holy Wisdom
- Hippodrome arena where gladiator fights
chariot races were held
79Byzantine Empire
- Macedonians ruled the Byzantine Empire from
876-1081 - Macedonians expanded the empire
- Expanded trade relations w/ Western Europe
- Late 11th century lot of political social
disorder
80EOC Catholic Split
- Eastern Orthodox Church did not accept the popes
claim as head of Church - 1054, Pope Leo IX Michael Cerularius (Head of
Byzantine Church) excommunicated each other - Great Schism seperation between two great
branches of Christianity
81Byzantine Art Mosaics and Illuminated Manuscripts
82Hagia Sophia
83What a Bunch of Turkeys
84Crusades
- 11th 13th centuries, European Christians
carried out a series of military expeditions to
take back the holy land from the Muslims - Seljuk Turks won the battle of Manzikert
threatened Constantinople - Crusades began when Pope Urban II responded to
the request of Alexius I to liberate Jerusalem
Palestine - Urban II called for crusades _at_ infidels
- Infidels were the non believers Muslims, Jews
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86Alexius I Asked For Help and Urban II Called For
the First Crusade
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88First Crusades
- Mostly French knights captured Antioch in 1098
Jerusalem in 1099 - Massacred Muslim Jewish inhabitants
- 4 Latin Crusader states were established that
lasted 100 years - 1120s, Muslims began to strike back which led to
another Crusade
892nd Crusade
- The fall of a Latin Kingdom led to the call of
another crusade - Saint Bernard of Clairvaux called for the crusade
got the support of King Louis VII of France
Conrad III of Germany - 2nd Crusade was a total failure
- 1187, Jerusalem fell to Saladin
- 3 important rulers then agreed to begin a third
Crusade
90Louis VII and Conrad III Respond To Bernard of
Clairvauxs Call For a Second Crusade
91 Saladins Capture of Jerusalem Sparked the Third
Crusade
923rd Crusade
- Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, Richard I
(Richard the Lionhearted) of England, Phillip II
of Augustus of France - Members of the 3rd arrived in the East by 1189
encountered problems - Barbarossa drowned while swimming in a river
- English French had success with their naval
fleets against coastal cities, but failed as they
moved inland - Richard I negotiated a settlement with Saladin to
allow Christian pilgrims free access to Jerusalem
93Philip II, Frederick I And Richard I Responded
944th Crusade
- 6 years after the death of Saladin in 1193, Pope
Innocent III initiated the 4th crusade - On their way to the East became involved a
conflict with the Byzantine Empire over the
succession to the Byzantine throne - Crusaders diverted to Constantinople sacked the
city in 1204/ Byzantine empire was reestablished
in 1261 but was never as powerful - Ottoman Turks eventually conquered Byzantine 190
years later
95Osman Founder Of the Ottoman Turks
Sultan Mahmet II Conqueror of Constantinople
96Results of the Crusades
- Increased wealth of Italian city-states like
Genoa and Venice. - Began Jewish persecution and genocide.
- Started the breakdown of feudalism and an
increase in the power of kings. - Improved technology such as better ships and
maps, and skills in siege techniques and weapons.
97Crusading Kitty