Course Review

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Course Review

• MIS302 Spring 2006

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Definition Information System

• A set of interrelated components that collect,
• process, store, and distribute information to
• support decision making and control in an
• organization

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Information Technology

• Information explosion that permeates our lives
• Compared to student several years back
• PC Usage at home is up
• Migration to broadband access at home
• Migration to eCommerce
• Higher percentage time online
• More diverse online applications
• Increase in use of personal devices
• More applications on cell phones

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The Growth of the Information Economy 1900 - 2000
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The Growth of the Information Economy 1950-2000
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Emergence of the Digital Firm

• Digitally-enabled relationships with customers,
  suppliers, and employees
• Core business processes accomplished via digital
  networks
• Digital management of key corporate assets
• Rapid sensing and responding to environmental
  changes

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The Digital Firm

• Information technology infrastructureProvides a
  universal and easy-to-use set of technologies and
  technology standards that can be adopted by all
  organizations
• Direct communication between trading partners
  Removes intermediate layers, streamlines process

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The Digital Firm

• Round-the-clock service Web sites available to
  consumers 24 hours a day
• Extended distribution channels Outlets created
  for attracting customers who otherwise would not
  patronize
• Reduced transaction costs Costs of searching for
  buyers, sellers, etc. reduced

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The Digital Firm Categories of eCommerce

• B2C Retailing of products and services directly
  to individual customers
• B2B Sales of goods and services among businesses
• C2C Individuals use Web for private sales or
  exchange

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The Digital Firm B2C

• Disintermediation The removal of organizations
  or business process layers responsible for
  certain intermediary steps in a value chain
• Reintermediation The shifting of the
  intermediary role in a value chain to a new source

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The Digital Firm B2C
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Networks

• Interconnection of devices (e.g. computers) to
  permit exchange of digital data
• Connections between devices can be either wired
  or wireless
• At some level, wired telephones, cell phones,
  and computers all share a common method of
  interconnection and communication...through
  networks

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Networks

• PBX Private Branch Exchange
• LAN Local Area Network
• WAN Wide Area Network

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(No Transcript)
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• To send a
• message
• from this
• computer

Does not require that they know about each
other or where each is located. All is needed
is an address. And there are millions of
possible paths to get from one to the other.
To this computer
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What is Internet-connected?

• Today
• 400 million computers, some cell phones, many
  control devices (Tivo boxes, farmers sprinkler
  systems, Blackberrys, some cell phones and
  pagers, traffic cameras, etc.)
• Tomorrow
• Basically every electrical device in home and
  industry, including wall switches, fans,
  thermostats, appliances, traffic lights, etc.

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Connecting to the Internet Dial-upe.g. through
AOL
Your computer at home
PacBell
Internet
AOL
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Intranets and Extranets

• Intranet internal network accessible only by the
  organization's members, employees, or others with
  authorization
• Extranet business-to-business intranet that
  allows limited, controlled, secure access between
  a company's intranet and designated,
  authenticated users from remote locations

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Internet Intranet
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Extranet
Extending the Private Intranet out to an
authorized user external to the firewall
Authorized External user
Extranet
The external user has access as if he/she were
directly on the Intranet by the use of special
software
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Encryption

• The altering of data using a secret code so as to
  be unintelligible to unauthorized parties

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Browsing securelyusing encryptionsecure http
or https
http//finance.yahoo.com
https//finance.yahoo.com
https secure http
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Search Engines

• Crawler type (Google, Yahoo, etc.) software
  searches the raw data (e.g. the web), build an
  index, and presents results.
• Directory type (dmoz.org) Human editors
  search for the most relevant information and
  build a directory-style index.

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How do (crawler-type) search engines work?

• They search the entire Internet -- or select
  pieces of the Internet -- based on important
  words, using spiders
• They keep an index of the words they find, and
  where they find them.
• After the index is built, they then allow users
  to look for words or combinations of words found
  in that index.

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eMarketings Differences
Marketings 4Ps

• Product
• Quality
• Models and sizes
• Packaging
• Brands
• Service
• Price
• Allowances and deals
• Distribution and retailer mark-ups
• Discount structure

• Promotion
• Advertising
• Sales promotion
• Personal selling
• Publicity
• Place
• Channels of distribution
• Outlet location
• Sales territories
• Warehousing system

Ability to measure Effectiveness
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eMarketing

• Cost per-view cost approximately equal to cost
  per-subscriber in conventional media (magazines,
  etc.)
• Sponsored search ads and content search ads cost
  zero, sponsor pays only for click-thrus

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How do search engines make money?
Sponsored Links
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Recognizing return visitors

• Cookie packet of information sent by a server to
  a browser and then sent back by the browser each
  time it accesses that specific server.
• Cookies are used for identifying return visitors
  to a site, user tracing, and maintaining
  user-specific information (preferences,
  electronic shopping cart, etc.)
• A cookie can't identify your name, your age, or
  where you are located

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System vulnerabilities

• Unauthorized access
• Abuse (SPAM, Denial of Service attacks,
  viruses)
• Fraud (phishing, etc.)

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System vulnerabilities Unauthorized access

• First step
• authentication is the process of attempting to
  confirm that another user from whom we have
  received some communication is the claimed party
• Second step
• authorization is permitting resources to be used
  by those that have been granted authority

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System vulnerabilitiesViruses

• Viruses are rogue applications that attach
  themselves to legitimate programs and execute on
  your machine, for annoyance or, in rare cases,
  damage to your files.
• Viruses are self-replicating/self-reproducing
  programs that spreads by inserting copies of
  itself into other programs or documents
• Most viruses are brought in by attachments to
  email documents

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System vulnerabilitiesfraud Phishing

• phishing is a form of criminal activity
  characterized by attempts to fraudulently acquire
  sensitive information, such as passwords and
  account numbers, by masquerading as a trustworthy
  person or business in an apparently official
  electronic communication, such as an email.

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Disaster recovery plan

• Business must take extra precautions to protect
  users and data
• Continue to run business in event of data loss,
  denial-of-service attacks, in-house viruses,
  etc.

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Typical data backup strategy

Monday
Weekend
Tuesday
Wednesday
Weekly Full Backup
Data lost between Midnight Monday 4PM
Wednesday
Incremental
4PM CRISIS
4PM Repaired Restored
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Solutions

• Fault-tolerant computer systems Contain extra
  hardware, software, and power supply components
  to provide continuous uninterrupted service
• Clustering Linking two computers together so
  that a second computer can act as a backup to the
  primary computer or speed up processing
• Mirroring Duplicating all processes and
  transactions of server on backup server to
  prevent any interruption in service
• Multiple network connection points

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Privacy

• Privacy issues have always been around, however
  the popularity of the Internet and the resulting
  distances between parties has brought renewed
  focus to privacy issues
• FTCs Fair Information Practice Principles
• Informed Consent Consent given with knowledge of
  all facts needed to make a rational decision
• Most visible Privacy Risk Identity Theft

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Classifying computers Size

• Mainframes Largest computer, massive memory,
  rapid processing power
• Midrange computers Less powerful, less
  expensive, and smaller than a mainframe
• Server Provides software and other resources to
  computers over a network
• PC (Personal Computer)

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Selecting hardware

• Mainframes are used where there are very large
  amounts of data that are more effectively
  processed in one place, or must be kept
  physically secure, for example
• Personnel records of a large firm
• DMV records
• Bank transactions
• Physical access to the machine is tightly
  controlled for security reasons
• Data backup and recovery procedures are standard

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Selecting hardware

• PCs are used for individuals storage of local
  data, accessing network resources, etc.
• For small companies, networked PCs offer a good
  alternative to mainframes
• For large companies, a mixture of mainframes and
  networked PCs is common

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All numbers shown are approximate for comparison
purposes
Computer HardwareCore Components
CentralProcessingUnit(CPU)
1 gigahertz 1 nanosecond 1,000,000X speed
100 megahertz 10 nanoseconds 100,000X speed
Cache memory
computer bus
Memory
Primary Storage 10 megahertz 100
nanoseconds 10,000X speed
Secondary Storage 1 kilohertz 1 millisecond 1X
speed
Hard drive
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The trilogy Hardware, software, and data
Jim.doc
MS Word
data
software
hardware
Your PC
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Types of software

• Application software Programs written to perform
  functions specified by end users (e.g. browser,
  word processing, spreadsheet, database, etc.)
• Operating System software Manages computers
  resources (e.g. Windows XP, Apple OSX, Linux,
  etc.)