BACTERIA

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BACTERIA
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BACTERIA ARE CONSIDERED PROKARYOTES SMALLEST
ORGANISMS, UNICELLULAR AND LACK OF A
NUCLEUS COMPARED TO EUKARYOTES THAT CONTAIN A
NUCLEUS
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CLASSIFYING PROKARYOTES

• EUBACTERIA Largest of the Prokaryotes usually
  surrounded by a cell to protect it from injury.
• E. coli is an example

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ARCHAEBACTERIA Looks very similar to
Eubacteria, but much like Eukaryotes lives in
harsh environments such as thick mud, digestive
tracts of animals or salty environments such as
great salt lake and hot springs where
temperatures reach the boiling point.
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IDENTIFYING PROKARYOTESPROKARYOTES ARE
IDENTIFIED BY SHAPES AND THE WAY THEY MOVE

• BACILLI ROD SHAPED

• COCCI ROUND OR SPHERICAL

• SPIRILLA CORKSCREW SHAPED

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BACILLI
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COCCI
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SPIRILLA
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PROKARYOTES ARE ALSO IDENTIFIED BY HOW OR
WHETHER THEY MOVE.

• SOME DO NOT MOVE AT ALL.

2. SOME ARE PROPELED BY FLAGELLA OR WHIP LIKE
STRUCTURES.
3. SOME SNAKE OR SPIRAL FORWARD.
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METABOLIC DIVERSITY
HETEROTROPHS OBTAIN ENERGY FROM THE FOODS THEY
CONSUME.
CHEMOHETEROTROPHS- TAKE IN ORGANIC MOLECULES FOR
ENERGY.
PHOTOHETEROTROPHS- USE SUNLIGHT FOR ENERGY.
AUTOTROPHS- MAKE THEIR OWN FOOD i.e. plants
CHEMOAUTOTROPHS- USE ENERGY FROM CHEMICAL
REACTIONS.
PHOTOAUTOTROPHS- USE LIGHT ENERGY TO
CONVERT CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER TO OXYGEN.
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GROWTH AND REPRODUCTIONBACTERIA ARE CAPABLE OF
REPRODUCING (if space and food are right)EVERY
20 MINUTES 48hrs 4,000 times THE MASS OF THE
EARTH

• BINARY FISSION BACTERIA DIVIDES IN HALF.

• CONJUGATION CELLS MOVE BETWEEN A BRIDGE.

• SPORE FORMATION AN ENDOSPORE FORMS THICK
• INTERNAL WALLS (DNA).

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BINARY FISSION
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CONJUGATION
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SPORE FORMATION
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WHY BACTERIA IS IMPORTANT
BACTERIA ARE VITAL TO OUR LIVING WORLD. SOME
CAPTURE ENERGY BY PHOTOSYNTHESIS, OTHERS ARE
DECOMPOSERS AND MANY OTHERS HAVE HUMAN USES.
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HUMAN USES OF BACTERIA

• BACTERIA ARE USED TO PRODUCE FOOD AND BEVERAGES.

2. BACTERIA IS USED IN INDUSTRY AND MINING.
3. BACTERIA HELPS REMOVE WASTE AND POISONS FROM
WATER.
4. BACTERIA CAN HELP SYNTHESIZE DRUGS.
5. BACTERIA IS ALSO PRESENT IN OUR OWN BODIES,
E COLI IN THE HUMAN COLON MAKING VITAMINS ARE
BODIESCAN NOT PRODUCE BY ITSELF.
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VIRUSES
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WHAT IS A VIRUS

• VIRUSES ENTER LIVING CELLS AND ONCE INSIDE, USE
  THE INFECTED CELL TO PRODUCE MORE VIRUSES.

• VIRUSES ARE COMPOSSED OF A CORE DNA OR RNA
• SURROUNDED BY A PROTEIN COAT.

3. THE PROTEIN COAT OF A VIRUS IS CALLED ITS
CAPSID.
4. VIRUSES THAT INFECT BACTERIA ARE CALLED
BACTERIOPHAGES
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GETTING A VIRAL INFECTION

• LYTIC INFECTION VIRUS ENTERS THE CELL, MAKES
• COPIES OF ITSELF AND CAUSES THE CELL TO BURST.
• THE HOST CELL IS DESTROYED.

• LYSOGENIC INFECTION THE VIRUS COMBINES ITS
  OWN DNA INTO THE DNA OF THE HOST CELL ALLOWING
  THEVIRUS TO REPLICATE WITH THE HOSTS DNA.
• THIS VIRAL DNA LEFT WITH THE HOSTS DNA IS CALLED
• PROPHAGE.

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LYTIC -vs.- LYSOGENIC
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RETROVIRUSES and LIVING CELLS

• RETROVIRUSES CONTAIN RNA AS THEIR GENECTIC
  MAKEUP WHICH PRODUCES A DNA COPY TO THE HOST CELL.

• RETRO BACKWARD, RNA TO DNA

• VIRUSES ARE CONSIDERED PARASITES

• VIRUSES ARE CHARACTERISTIC OF LIVING THINGS YET
• THEY ARE NOT ALIVE UNTIL COMING IN CONTACT WITH
• A LIVING CELL.

• VIRUSES WERE NOT THE FIRST LIVING THINGS, THEY
• DEVELOPED AFTER LIVING CELLS.

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DISEASES CAUSES BY BACTERIAAND VIRUSES
BACTERIA AND VIRUSES THAT CAUSE DISEASES ARE
CALLED PATHOGENS
DISEASES RESULT WHEN BACTERIA INTERFERE WITH THE
HOSTS ABILITY TO OBTAIN ENOUGH OF THOSE ELEMENTS
TO FUNCTION PROPERLY.
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BACTERIAL DISEASES IN HUMANS

• SOME BACTERIA IS HELPFUL SUCH AS THOSE THAT HELP
  US DIGEST OUR FOOD.
• PATHOGENIC BACTERIA DISRUPTS OUR BODIES
  EQUILIBRIUM AND PRODUCES DISEASE.

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LOUIS PASTEUR HELPED ESTABLISHED THE GERM THEORY
SHOWING BACTERIA IS RESPONSIBLE FOR DISEASES IN
HUMANS AND ANIMALS.

• VACCINES STIMULATE OUR BODIES IMMUNE SYSTEM. A
  VACCINE IS A MIXTURE OF WEAKENED OR KILLED
  PATHOGENS.
• ANTIBOTICS BLOCK THE GROWTH AND REPODUCTION OF
  BACTERIA.

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DISEASES CAUSED BY BACTERIA
1. LYME DISEASE
2. TETANUS
3. TUBERCULOSIS
4. DIPHTHERIA
5. BACTERIAL MENINGITIS
6. STREP THROAT
7. TOOTH DECAY
8. BACTERIAL DISEASE CAN ALSO OCCUR IN ANIMALS
SUCH AS ANTHRAX.
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HOW TO CONTROL BACTERIA
STERILIZATION
DISINFECTANTS
FOOD STORAGE AND PROCESSING
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VIRAL DISEASE IN HUMANSCANNOT TREAT VIRUSES WITH
ANTIBIOTICS BEST WAY TO TREAT A VIRUS WITH A
VACCINE
COMMON COLD
INFLUENZA
SMALLPOX
AIDS
CHICKENPOX
MEASLES
HEPATITIS A,B,C
WEST NILE
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VIRAL DISEASE IN ANIMALS AND PLANTS
FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE SCIENTISTS LEARN A GREAT
DEAL ABOUT CANCER BY STUDYING THE GENES OF A
VIRUS AND HOW THEY AFFECT CELL GROWTH AND
DIVISION. VIRUSES HAVE A MUCH HARDER TIME IN
INFECTING PLANTS BECAUSE OF THEIR TOUGH CELL
STRUCTURE. MANY PLANT VIRUSES ARE SPREAD BY
INSECTS.