Chapter 34 Industrialization and its Social Consequences

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Chapter 34Industrialization and its Social
Consequences
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Prerequisites for Industrial Production

• Upsurge in world trade
• Colonies new markets, new exports
• Intra-European trade also grew
• Rising population
• In most of the Continent and England
• Death rate fell, birth rate rose
• Increased money flow
• Money needed to finance purchasing
• Building new factories, port facilities,
  warehouses
• Capital raised by stocks, partnerships, issue of
  paper money
• Experienced manages and entrepreneurs
• London, Antwerp, Amsterdam
• Experience in organizing, managing large
  businesses

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Agriculture and Industry

• Agrarian improvements
• Crop yields had to increase to feed growing urban
  workforce
• Most important step was enclosing open fields
• Also, use of fertilizer, crop rotation, hybrid
  seeds, land drainage
• Landowners began producing for market agrarian
  capitalism
• Changes in Mechanized Production
• Main idea is to lessen unit cost of production
  through improved technology
• Consumption changes due to more, cheaper familiar
  products, not new items, ex. underclothing
• Most early industrial products were variations on
  previously hand-worked items
• Sophisticated or new products came only gradually

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The Factory

• Putting-out system
• People take in raw material, work it into
  finished product
• Same entrepreneur supplies raw materials, finds
  workers, collects final product
• He bears all risks, gets all profits
• Wages were important to rural families
• Factory system
• Extremely important in changing lifestyles
• Entrepreneur brings many people under one roof to
  work
• Paid on fixed scale, under tight discipline
• Employees no longer had any say over production

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Why England Led the Industrial Revolution

• Entrepreneurialism
• Population increase
• New source of energy steam
• Agricultural improvements
• Key raw materials
• Transportation network
• Variety of mechanical inventions perfected the
  steam engine

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Spread of the Industrial Revolution

• Why Industrial Revolution spread slowly at first
• No other country had all essential advantages
• England tried to keep techniques secret
• Napoleonic wars disrupted commerce,
  communications
• Continent began to industrialize about 1830
• Belgium, France
• Rhine River Valley
• Eastern Europe, Russia, Iberia almost untouched
• Lacked at least one of the essential factors
• Became permanent clients of industrial nations
• Industrialization was neither automatic nor
  inevitable

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Railroads

• New invention, spread rapidly
• Many private railroads were bankrupt, taken over
  by government
• Steam locomotive was heart of system
• Greatly reduced costs of shipping, travel, and
  increased security

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Phases of the Industrial Revolution

• First Industrial Revolution, 1760-1820
• British dominance
• Energy supplied by steam
• Produced textiles, iron
• Second Industrial Revolution, later 19th century
• Leadership shifted to Germany, US
• Energy supplied by electricity
• Chemical, petroleum industries
• Third Industrial Revolution, today
• Spread to many countries
• Older industrial countries have moved to
  post-industrial society
• Manufacturing replaced by services, information

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Children in the Industrial Revolution

• Place of children before 18th century
• People didnt care closely for young children
  too likely they would die from disease, famine,
  accidents
• Peasants, workers saw children as drain, not
  asset
• Urban and wealthy classes also distant
• Children were social security for parents old
  age
• Change 1750-1850
• More love, tenderness toward newborns, youngsters
• Why?
• Declining child mortality rates
• More middle class, who valued children for what
  they were
• Influence of educational reformers
• State-supervised, funded schools provided general
  public education

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Relations between Men and Women

• Social relations were more free including
  premarital sex
• Harder for some women to marry
• Fewer eligible males
• Often badly exploited

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Occupations and Mobility

• Increasing numbers in urban occupations,
  non-manual work
• Farm laborers displaced, forced to move to cities
• A few took up skilled trades or non-manual work,
  moved up social scale
• Very real threat of unemployment, even starvation
• Female occupations
• Could stay at home, hope to marry, or work as
  domestic servants
• Many servants remained for life
• Increasingly, women could work at machinery
• Replaced males in unskilled jobs
• Worked for lower wages
• Many women preferred factory work to domestic
  service

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Urban Migration, Urbanized Society

• Urban migration motives
• Curiosity and desire for change
• Desire to improve economic, social status
• Desire to find better marital partners
• Towns grew in spite of lack of local food
  production
• Urban growth
• Huge increases
• New industry, manufacturing concentrated in
  smaller towns cheap land, close to raw
  materials
• 1851 majority of population was urban
• Urban classes
• Nobility
• Upper middle class bourgeoisie
• Lower middle class
• Working class

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Diet and Nutrition

• Pre-Revolution
• Uneven mix of different foods
• Local famines commonplace
• Not transportation network to move food
• Considerable improvement by 1800
• Improved transportation
• More productive agricultural methods
• More grain from eastern Europe
• Potatoes, dairy products, meat, fish added
• Impact on health
• Wealthy protein-rich diets more balanced
• Poor had potatoes
• More fruits, vegetables for middle classes

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Public Health

• Medical, surgical conditions changed little
• Doctors still not getting formal training, much
  quackery
• Modern medical theories still unknown
• Conditions for mentally ill barely beginning to
  improve
• Housing, sanitation
• Overcrowding in cheap rental housing
• Even most basic sanitation was missing
• No privacy at all
• Only reason towns were growing was from
  in-migration

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Living Standards

• Gap between rich and poor widened
• Wealthy indulgent lifestyle, great wealth seen
  as reward for merit
• Middle classes more modest, devoted energies to
  their businesses
• Working classes extremely hard time, increased
  poverty
• Reforms and improvements
• Began attacking worst of abuses
• Factory Acts limited child labor, required
  education
• Working class families resisted needed child
  income
• Little done to improve sanitation until cholera
  epidemic convinced middle classes that reform was
  to their advantage

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Discussion Questions

• The Industrial Revolution is one of a handful of
  watershed events in history, events for which
  there are drastic and permanent changes and a
  clear before and after. Specifically, what
  were the social and economic changes what was
  the pre-revolutionary situation and how did it
  change? What social group experienced the most
  change? What changes were those? Be specific.
• The Industrial Revolution was not a single event,
  but rather three sequential revolutions, the
  First, Second, and Third Industrial Revolutions.
  How would you compare each to the other how did
  goals, inventions, scope and spread change?
  Which revolutionary period do you think caused
  the most change from the previous condition? Why
  do you choose that one what were those changes?