Intelligence and Policy

1
Strategy and Policy8802A

• Lesson 4
• Intelligence and Policy

2
Requirement 1

• Objective 1 Explain the role of intelligence in
  the development of national security and national
  military policies.

3
Intelligence Support to National Security and
National Military Policies

• There is a need for a balance between
  intelligence
• support to military operations (SMO),
• other military operations (OMO) and
• the other elements of national power (economic,
  diplomatic, informational).

4
Intelligence Support to National Security and
National Military Policies (cont.)

• SMO vs. Support to the Policymaker
• Questions
• What are the key differences?
• What actions are needed for effective
  intelligence support in the 21st century?
• What actions have been taken to meet 21st century
  intelligence requirements?

OBJECTIVE 1
5
Prioritization of Intelligence Support

• During the 1990s, what were the priorities for
  intelligence support?
• How did this prioritization affect U.S. policy
  for foreign relations and military preparedness?

OBJECTIVE 1
6
Intelligence Support to Defense, Service, and
Operational Policymakers

• Purpose
• Advise defense policymakers
• Provide threat projections and
• Support the employment of the armed forces across
  a broad continuum of operations

OBJECTIVE 1
7
Requirement 2

• Objective 2 Describe the structure of the
  national intelligence community.
• Objective 3 Discuss the implications of
  improved information technology on U.S. and
  foreign intelligence capabilities.

8
Structure of the Intelligence Community
9
Members of the Intelligence Community (IC)

• DIA
• NSA
• NRO
• NGA
• Army
• Air Force
• Navy
• Marine Corps

• CIA
• DHS (Including USCG)
• DOS
• Treasury
• DOE
• FBI

Additionally, the DCI, DDCI and NIC are key
members of the IC, fulfilling leadership and
coordination responsibilities.
OBJECTIVE 2
10
IC Activities

• Collection of information needed by
• the President,
• the National Security Council,
• the Secretaries of State and Defense, and
• other Executive Branch officials for the
  performance of their duties and responsibilities
  
• Production and dissemination of intelligence
• Special activities.

OBJECTIVE 2
11
IC Activities (cont.)

• Counterintelligence activities
• Collection of information concerning, and
• the conduct of activities to protect against
• intelligence activities directed against the
  U.S.,
• international terrorist and international
  narcotics activities, and
• other hostile activities directed against the
  U.S. by foreign powers, organizations, persons,
  and their agents
• Administrative and support activities within the
  U.S. and abroad necessary for the performance of
  authorized activities and
• Such other intelligence activities as the
  President may direct from time to time

OBJECTIVE 2
12
The National Intelligence Council (NIC)

• Roles of the IC's center for mid-term and
  long-term strategic thinking
• Support the DCI in his role as head of the IC.
• Provide a focal point for policymakers to task
  the IC to answer their questions.
• Reach out to nongovernmental experts in academia
  and the private sector to broaden the IC's
  perspective.
• Contribute to the IC's effort to allocate its
  resources in response to policymakers' changing
  needs.
• Lead the IC's effort to produce National
  Intelligence Estimates (NIEs) and other NIC
  products.

OBJECTIVE 2
13
IT Implications on Intelligence Capabilities

• Information Technology
• An important enabler for intelligence gathering
  and dissemination.
• Key IT initiatives that affect U.S. intelligence
  capabilities are
• ARPANET
• Intelink
• In-Q-Tel
• JWICS/JDISS
• NIST

OBJECTIVE 3
14
IT Implications on Intelligence Capabilities

• ARPANET the vulnerability of the nations
  strategic communications infrastructure.
• Intelink applies advanced network technology to
  the collection, analysis, production, and
  dissemination of classified and unclassified
  multimedia data across the Intelligence Community.

OBJECTIVE 3
15
IT Implications on Intelligence Capabilities

• In-Q-Tel
• data warehousing and mining, the profiling of
  search agents, statistical data analysis tools,
  imagery analysis and pattern recognition,
  language translation, strong encryption, data
  integrity, and authentication and access control.
• JWICS/JDISS
• this system allows video teleconferencing,
  imagery transfer, electronic data transfer,
  publishing, and video broadcasting

OBJECTIVE 3
16
IT Implications on Intelligence Capabilities

• NIST
• rapidly deployable intelligence cells
• to provide a Joint Task Force Commander with the
  ability to reach back
• to the national-level agencies for answers to
  questions unanswerable in the field, and
• to receive warnings of threats that otherwise
  could not be received.

OBJECTIVE 3
17
Requirement 3

• Objective 4 Examine how intelligence is used to
  make national strategic decisions.

18
Intelligence and National Strategic Decisions

• Wolfowitzs Points
• The policymaker is the analyst of last resort.
• Intelligence organizations have to make their
  own processes transparent to policymakers
• The analyst is most valuable in clarifying the
  micro issues.

OBJECTIVE 4
19
Intelligence and National Strategic Decisions

• Wolfowitzs Points (continued)
• Analysts should see intelligence assessments as
  tools, not as weapons.
• Analysts and policymakers should maintain
  objectivity and avoid following a line of
  reasoning simply because current policy supports
  it.
• Provide policymakers with bad news and warnings
  by emphasizing new evidence and findings.

OBJECTIVE 4
20
Intelligence and National Strategic Decisions

• Pollocks Points
• Even though many intelligence agencies may agree
  on a particular assumption, they could all be
  wrong.
• Obtaining intelligence from outside sources is
  important, but should not be used as a substitute
  for our own intelligence capabilities.

OBJECTIVE 4
21
Intelligence and National Strategic Decisions

• Pollocks Points
• Pre-conceived notions and preliminary policies
  should be verified by intelligence.
• Intelligence should not be distorted or
  cherry-picked intelligence to promoting a certain
  course of action or policy decision..

OBJECTIVE 4
22
Intelligence and Policy

• Summary
• Intelligence Support to National Security and
  National Military Policies
• Structure of the Intelligence Community (IC)
• IT Implications on Intelligence Capabilities
• Intelligence and National Strategic Decisions

23
Intelligence and Policy

• Points to remember
• Recent Effects of SMO
• Make-up of the IC
• Functions of a NIST