Temporal Contiguity Principle

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Temporal Contiguity Principle

• 040202_chun

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Introduction

• What is Temporal Contiguity ?
• The corresponding words and pictures are
  contiguous in time.
• What is successive presentation?
• The corresponding words and pictures are not
  contiguous in time.
• What is simultaneous presentation?
• The corresponding words and pictures are
  presented at the same time.

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The case for separating words and pictures

• simultaneous presentation
• Allows for only one exposure with verbal and
  visual depiction happening at the same time.
• successive presentation
• Allows two separate exposure.

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The case for separating words and pictures (Cont.)

• The information-delivery theory
• Students should learn more with successive
  presentations
• Students receive two deliveries
• Predicts that students given successive
  presentations should outperform simultaneous
  presentations on tests.

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The case for integrating words and pictures

• Cognitive theory of multimedia learning
• Simultaneous presentation increase the chances to
  hold visual and verbal representations at the
  same time.
• Successive presentations require a learner to
  hold the entire narration in working memory until
  the animation presented.

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The case for integrating words and pictures
(Conts.)

• Cognitive theory of multimedia learning (Conts.)
• Predicts that
• simultaneous presentation are better able to
  understand the explanation. (using transfer test
  )
• Simultaneous presentation would perform better on
  retention
• Successive presentation are more likely to focus
  on the wording of the verbal presentation

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Distinction between spatial contiguity and
temporal contiguity

• spatial contiguity
• Deals with placing corresponding words and
  pictures close to each other on the page
• temporal contiguity
• Deals with presenting corresponding words and
  pictures close to each other in time

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Temporal contiguity effect for retention
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Temporal contiguity effect for retention (Conts.)

• Why did we fail to find a temporal contiguity
  effect for the retention?
• In simultaneous , students were able to build a
  deeper understanding of the material.
• In successive , students were able to listen to
  the narration without any other distractions,
  which should help them in verbal retention

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Temporal contiguity effect for transfer
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Temporal contiguity effect for transfer (Conts.)

• Transfer test are intended to measure the
  learners understanding of the presented material
• The simultaneous performed much better than the
  successive.
• This evidence support the cognitive theory of
  multimedia learning and against the information
  delivery theory.

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Extensions of the temporal contiguity effect for
retention and transfer
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Extensions of the temporal contiguity effect for
retention and transfer (Conts.)
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Extensions of the temporal contiguity effect for
retention and transfer (Conts.)

• The successive small-segments presentations
  enable the same kind of active cognitive
  processing as simultaneous presentations.

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Extensions of the temporal contiguity effect for
retention and transfer (Conts.)
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Extensions of the temporal contiguity effect for
retention and transfer (Conts.)

• Presenting simultaneous resulted in transfer
  performance essentially equivalent to presenting
  successively in small segments.
• These results are consistent with the cognitive
  theory of multimedia learning and inconsistent
  with the information-delivery theory.

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Implications for multimedia learning

• The results are largely inconsistent with the
  information-delivery theory of multimedia
  learning
• That two deliveries of the same information must
  be better than one
• When verbal and visual presentations are
  separated more than a few seconds, students
  perform more poorly on transfer than
  simultaneously.

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Implications for multimedia learning (Conts.)

• Simultaneous presentations take advantage of
• The dual-channel capabilities of humans
• The limited capacity of each channel
• The need for active cognitive processing by
  encouraging learners to make connections between
  corresponding visual and verbal representations.

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Implications for multimedia design

• Present words and pictures near rather than far
  form each other in time .
• The job of designers is not only to present
  information.
• Simultaneous presentations prime the learner to
  build connections between corresponding visual
  and verbal material.