Vocalisation

1
Vocalisation

• Who is narrating the event, where the voice comes
  from, who it belongs to.

2
Focalisation

• What the narrator is able to see, from his point
  of view. It could relate to what he sees, he
  smells, he hears, he tastes, etc.Linked to the
  kind of narrator homodiegetic or heterodiegetic

3
Homodiegetic narrator

• Present in the story told.
• Ex Ponyboy in The OutsidersHas a limited
  focalisation, can only focus on what he can see,
  hear, smell, etc. Does not have access to
  peoples thoughts.

4
Heterodiegetic narrator

• Absent from the story
• Ex The narrator of HolesThe limits imposed on
  his focalisation are stricly a choice of
  narration, can be omniscient (god-like) or could
  only have access to external manifestations.

5
Change of narrator

• A character can become a narrator, for a while.
• The character tells a story. He is the narrator
  of this story, the vocalisation goes through him,
  and the focalisation is made by him, with his own
  limits.

6
Type of narrator

• Not always that simple, sometimes a mix of both,
  a change from one type of narration to another,
  if the voice doesnt tell us, the focus should.
• Wings of Desire, by Wim Wenders
• black and white to color seeing the angel.
• American Beauty, by Sam Mendes
• narrator dead when the movie begins. He knows too
  much about the past (the present of the story
  told).

7
Type of narrator

• Not always that simple, sometimes a mix of both,
  a change from one type of narration to another,
  if the voice doesnt tell us, the focus should.
• Wings of Desire, by Wim Wenders
• black and white to color seeing the angel.
• American Beauty, by Sam Mendes
• narrator dead when the movie begins. He knows too
  much about the past (the present of the story
  told).

8
Importance of naming

• How is the act of naming important in Holes
  and/or Catcher in the Rye?In Holes, at Camp
  Green Lake, the kids all call themselves by
  nicknames (Zigzag, Zero, Caveman, X-Ray, ) in
  Catcher, Holden uses different names to introduce
  himself depending on the  effect  he wants to
  produce, on the fact that he wishes to remain
  incognito, etc.

9
Finding a purpose

• Look at Holden Caulfields reasons for doing or
  not doing specific actions, what can you say
  about his sense of purpose?