The Great War

1
The Great War

• By Heather Henderson and Shelly Smith

2
The Road to World War I
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Conscription

• Military draft

• The significances of conscriptions was to
  increase the size of the army.
• Between 1890 and 1914 the European armies doubled
  in size.
• The Russian armies had grown to be the largest
  with 1.3 million men.
• The French and German armies had approximately
  900,000.
• The British, Italian, and Austro-Hungarian armies
  were between 250,000 and 500,000.

Doughboys First by Frank Schoonover 1
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Mobilization

• The process of assembling troops and supplies and
  making them ready for war.
• 1914 ?considered an act of war.

WWI mobilization 2 ?
German soldiers celebrating start of war
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5
Archduke Francis Ferdinand

• June 28, 1914 ?Heir to the throne.
• Conspirators plan to kill Ferdinand, along with
  his wife Sophia. They began throwing bombs at his
  car, but it bounced off and exploded into another
  car. Gavrilo Princip succeeded in shooting both
  Ferdinand and his wife.
• Austria declared war on Serbia, because of his
  death.

Archduke Francis Ferdinand 1
Archduke Francis Ferdinand 2
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Emperor William II

• Emperor of Germany
• Gave the blank check saying that
  Austria-Hungary had Germanys full support even
  if matters went to the length of war between
  Austria-Hungary and Russia
• Till the world comes to an end the ultimate
  decision will rest with the sword.
• -Emperor William II

William II 1
William II with his first wife Augusta Viktoria
2
? William II 3
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Czars Nicholas II

• July 28 He order partial mobilization of the
  Russian army against Austria-Hungary
• July 29 He ordered full mobilization of the
  Russian army, knowing that they considered this
  an act of war.

Czars Nicholas II 1
A portrait of Nicholas II,Painted by V.A. Serov,
1900. 2
8
Triple Entente Triple Alliance
Blue Triple Entente Red Triple Alliance
Yellow Neutral Countries 1
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Triple Alliance

• Created in 1882
• Formed by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
• Crises tested these alliances which left
  European states angry at each other and eager for
  revenge.

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Triple Entente

• Created in 1907
• Formed by France, Great Britain, and Russia
• Crises tested these alliances which left
  European states angry at each other and eager for
  revenge.

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Militarism

• Aggressive preparation for war
• Armies grew along with the influence of military
  leaders
• Leaders had plans for quickly mobilizing millions
  of men and enormous amount of supplies in the
  event of war. (conscription)

12
What ethnic groups were left without nations in
Europe before 1914?

• Slavic minorities in the Balkans and the Hapsburg
  Empire dreamed of creating their own national
  states
• The Irish in the British Empire wanted to create
  their own national states
• The poles in the Russian Empire also had dreams
  of creating their own national states.

13
How did the creation of military plans help draw
the nations of Europe into World War I?

• The Germans had a military plan the Schlieffen
  plan
• Called a two front war with France and Russia
• The plan was that Germany would conduct a small
  holding action against Russian while most of the
  German army would carry out a rapid invasion of
  France. After the defeat of France, they would
  move east against Russia
• Under the Schlieffen plan, Germany declared war
  on France on August 3
• On August 4, Great Britain declared war on Germany

14
Which decisions made by European leaders in 1914
lead directly to the outbreak of war?

• June 28, 1914- Archduke Francis Ferdinand was
  assassinated in Sarajevo. The Austrian-Hungarian
  government didnt know if the Serbian government
  was involved with his assassination, but the
  Austrian foreign minister saw it as an
  opportunity to render Serbian innocuous once and
  for all by a display of force. On July 28,
  Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.
• Austrian leaders sought backup from Germany were
  Emperor William II gave Austria-Hungary, Germanys
  full support.
• On July 28, Czar Nicholas II ordered partial
  mobilization of the Russian army. Then on July
  29, Czars ordered full mobilization of the
  Russian army, which was considered an act of war.
• The Schlieffen plan was put into play on August
  3, when Germany declared war on France.

15
What were the chief domestic problems confronting
European nations before 1914?

• Rivalries of colonies and trade grew during an
  age of frenzied nationalism and imperialist
  expansion.
• Growth of nationalism
• Not all ethnic groups became nations
• Socialist were increasingly inclined to use
  strikes to achieve their goals.
• There were labor strife and class divisions.
• Resulted in the encouragement of war in 1914.

16
The War
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Propaganda

• Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or
  against a cause.
• Government propaganda started national hatred
  before the war.

18
Trench Warfare

• Fighting from ditches protected by barbed wire
• The Germans and the French could not dislodge
  each other from the trenches, which made them
  stay in the same position for 4 years.

French soldiers building a trench
1
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War of Attrition

• A war based on wearing the other side down by
  contrast attacks and heavy losses.
• Ex. One side would order commands starting with
  artillery, to shock the enemy. Then, they would
  come out of their trenches with bayonets
• The attacks rarely hurt because as they came out
  of the trench, they had a chance of being fired
  at by enemy machine guns.

20
Total War

• A war that involves the complete mobilization of
  resources and people, affecting the lives of all
  citizens in the warring countries, even those
  remote from the battlefields.
• Men had to be organized and supplies had to be
  manufactured and purchased for years of combat
  increase of government powers? manipulated public
  opinion to keep war effort going.

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Planned Economies

• System directed by government agencies
• Governments set up
• Price, wage, and rent controls
• Rationed food supplies and materials
• Regulated imports and exports
• Took over transportation systems

22
Lawrence of Arabia

• British officer
• Real name T. E. Lawrence
• 1917- urged Arab princes to revolt against their
  Ottoman over lords.
• The British under minded Ottoman rule in the
  Arabian peninsula Lawrence of Arabia aided the
  Arabian nationalists.

Lawrence of Arabia 1
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Admiral Holtzendorff

• A German admiral for the submarines
• Real name Henning Von Holtzendorff
• Assured the emperor, I give your majesty my word
  as an officer that not one American will land on
  the continent.
• He decided that the Germans should return to
  unrestricted submarine warfare which brought the
  US into war in April 1917.

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Battle of the Marne

• September 6-10
• To stop the Germans, French military leaders
  loaded two thousand Parisian taxicabs with fresh
  troops and sent them to the front line.

Battle of the Marne begins 1
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Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Masurian Lakes

• August 30 September 15
• Battle of Tannenberg led by Erich Ludendorff and
  Paul von Hindenburg
• Russian army moved into eastern Germany but was
  decisively defeated
• The Russians were no longer a threat to German
  territory

Generals Ludendorff and von Hindenburg with
Kaiser Wilhelm II
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Battle of Verdun

• 1916 in France
• German General Erich von Falkenhayn developed a
  plan to attack Verdun considered by many
  military historians as the greatest and most
  demanding battle in history.
• Men would hide in trenches and when they came out
  they attacked the enemy with bayonets.
• Seven hundred men lost their lives over a few
  miles of land
• war of attrition

Underground entrance
1
Overview of battle
2
Dead French soldiers in trench
3
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Battle of Gallipoli

• April 1915
• The Allies tried to open a Balkan front by
  landing troops in Gallipoli
• They entered the side of the Central Powers
  (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Ottoman) and were
  forced to withdraw.

Turkish soldiers defending Gallipoli
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Gallipoli Front
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ANZAC troops attack enemy positions at Gallipoli
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Lusitania

• British ship
• Departed from Britain on May 1, 1915 and six days
  later ( May 7, 1915 _at_ 210 p.m.) was sunk by
  Walther Schwieger, a German commander who fired a
  torpedo 750 yards away.
• May 7, 1915 Sunk by German forces
• 1,100 civilian casualties (over 100 Americans)
• floating palace
• Britain set up a blockade of Germany Germany set
  up a blockade of Britain
• German authorities saw Lusitania as a threat
• Germany accused the British as using Lusitania to
  carry ammunition and other war supplies across
  the Atlantic

Newspaper ad run by German Embassy before
Lusitania sailed
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Lusitania 2
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Zimmerman Telegram

• Written by German foreign secretary Arthur
  Zimmerman
• It was a coded message sent to Mexico, proposing
  a military alliance against the U.S.
• Threats contained in the telegram helped convince
  Congress to declare war against Germany in 1917.

Detail of the Zimmermann Telegram
1
30
Battle at the Somme

• British and French armies joined at the Somme
  River
• British attacked the German defensive line on
  July 1, 1916
• First day of the battle 21,000 British soldiers
  were killed
• Was the single worst day in death and casualties
  in British military history
• 20,000 out of 100,000 troops were killed and over
  40,000 were wounded.

Overview of Battle 2
Explosions near the Somme 1
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Battle at Ypres

• First Battle 1914
• Second Battle 1915
• Third Battle 1917
• June 7, 1917 Set off bombs on German lines that
  were dug in mines over the past eighteen months.
• General Douglas Haigs plan failed because when
  the bombs fired the land was turned into
  Quicksand and all men, animals and equipment
  sank into the ground.

Overview of Battle 2
Post-war Ypres 1
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Why did WWI require total warfare?

• So the government could have control over the
  people and resources
• Also so that the people could not go against the
  government
• Before total warfare, there was the trench
  warfare were they

33
What methods did governments use to create
enthusiasm for war, and counter opposition to the
war at home?

• Made active use of Propaganda
• Newspapers were censored and sometimes their
  publications were suspended
• The French exaggerated German atrocities in
  Belgium and found that their citizens were only
  too willing to believe these accounts.

34
Which government powers increased during the war?

• Drafted tens of millions of young men
• PLANNED ECONIMIES Set up price, wage, and rent
  controls rationed food supplies and materials
  regulated imports and exports took over
  transportation.

35
How did war affect womens rights, and the role
of women in society?

• Women were asked to take over jobs that had not
  been available to them before.
• Chimney sweeps
• Truck drivers
• Farm labors
• Factory workers in heavy industry
• At the end of the war government quickly removed
  women from the jobs.
• 1919 350,00 unemployed women
• Gained the right to vote in Germany, Austria, and
  the United States

Woman in gas mask factory 1
36
Which events brought the US into the war?

• The naval war between Germany and Great Britain.
• The U.S. protested the use of unrestricted
  submarine warfare.
• Germany brought back the use of unrestricted
  submarine warfare which brought the U.S. into
  war. (April 1914)

U.S. enters WWI 1
37
How did soldiers try to make life in the trenches
bearable?

• Produced humor magazines to help pass the time.

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Russian Revolution
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Soviets

• Councils composed of representatives from the
  workers and soldiers
• Soviets of Petrograd had been formed in March
  1917.
• Soviet sprang up in army units, factory towns,
  and rural areas
• Were largely made up of socialist who represented
  the more radical interest of the lower classes.

An assembly of the Petrograd Soviet, 1917 1
40
War Communism

• Was used to insure regular supplies for the Red
  Army
• Meant government control of banks and most
  industries, the seizing of grain from most
  peasants, and the centralization of state
  administration under communist control.

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Grigori Rasputin

• An uneducated Serbian peasant who claimed to be a
  holy man
• Alexandra believed that Rasputin was holy because
  he alone was able to stop her son Alexis from
  bleeding
• Was first consulted by Alexandra when making the
  most important decision. She called him, he
  beloved, never-to-be-forgotten teacher, savior,
  and mentor.
• Rasputin was made an important power behind the
  throne
• Didnt hesitate to interfere with government
  affairs
• Was assassinated in December 1916
• It wasnt easy to kill a man with such incredible
  strength They shot him three times and then tied
  him up and threw him into the Neva River. He
  drowned by then untied the knots underwater
  before he died.

Grigori Rasputin 1
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Alexander Kerensky

• Headed the provisional government
• Decided to carry on the war to preserve Russias
  honor

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Czar Nicholas II

• Relied on the Army and bureaucracy to hold up his
  regime.
• Lost support of the Army and stepped down from
  the battlefield on March 15, 1917 ending the
  300-year-old Romanov dynasty.

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Bolsheviks

• Began as a small fraction of a Marxist party
  called the Russian Social Democrats
• Came under the leadership of V. I. Lenin
• Under Lenins directions, the Bolsheviks became a
  party dedicated to violent revolution. Reflected
  the discontent of people and promised an end to
  the war, the redistribution, of all land to the
  peasants, the transfer of factories and
  industries from capitalist to committees of
  workers, and the transfer of the government power
  from the provisional government to the soviets
• Three simple slogans that summed up the Bolshevik
  program
• Land, Peace, and Bread
• Workers control of government
• All power to the soviets
• At the end of October, they made up a slight
  majority in the Petrograd and Moscow soviets the
  number of party members had grown from 50,000 to
  240,000
• November 6, Bolsheviks forces seized the Winter
  Palace
• Renamed themselves the communists
• Many people opposed the new Bolshevik and were
  concerned about the communist takeover
• Between 1918 and 1921, were forced to fight on
  many fronts against opponents, the anti-communist
  forces.
• 1921, communist regain control over the
  independent nationalist governments in Georgia,
  Russian Armenian, and Azerbaijan
• Were inspired by their vision of a new socialist
  order and determination that comes from
  revolutionary zeal and convictions.
• Were able to translate their revolutionary faith
  into practical instruments of power
• War communism
• Revolutionary terror
• Appealed to the powerful force of Russian
  patriotism\
• In 1992, were in total command of Russia

Study 1
under arms 2
Work 3
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Lenin

• Vladimir Ilyich Ulianov, known to the world as V.
  I. Lenin
• Lead the Bolsheviks
• Believed that only violent revolution could
  destroy the capitalist system.
• Spent most of his time abroad between 1900 and
  1917
• 1917 Saw an opportunity for the Bolsheviks to
  seize power
• In April 1917, he was shipped to Russia by the
  German military leaders, hoping to create
  disorder in Russia His arrival opened a new
  stage of Russian revolution
• Lenin maintained that the Soviets of soldiers,
  workers, and peasants were ready made instruments
  of power
• He believed that the Bolsheviks should work
  towards gaining control of these groups and then
  used them to overthrow the provisional government
• Turned over the power of the provisional
  government to the Congress of Soviets The real
  power was passed to a Council of People's
  Commissars, headed by Lenin
• Lenin promised peace which meant that a
  humiliating loss of much Russian territory
• On March 3, 1918 Lenin signed the Treaty of Brest
  Litovsk with Germany and gave up eastern Poland,
  Ukraine, Finland, and the Baltic Provinces

Vladimir Ilyich
1
Lenin speaks 2
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Trotsky

• A Commissar of war
• Reinstated the draft and insisted on rigid
  discipline
• Executed soldiers on the spot who deserted or
  refused to obey orders

Trotsky 1
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Petrograd

• Formerly St. Petersburg
• Had started bread rationing in Petrograd after
  the price of bread went up
• Many strikes lead by the working class women were
  held in the capital of Petrograd
• On March 8, about 10,000 women marched through
  the city demanding Peace and bread and down
  with autocracy

The Eastern Front 1
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Ukraine

• Was given up by Lenin when he signed the Treaty
  of Brest Litovsk with Germany

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Siberia

• Gave the first serious threats to the communists
  an anti-communist force attacked westward and
  advance almost to the Volga River

Siberia 1
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Brest Litovsk

• The Treaty of Brest Litovsk
• Signed by Lenin with Germany and gave up eastern
  Poland, Ukraine, Finland, and the Baltic province
• The spread of socialist revolution throughout
  Europe made the Treaty largely irrelevant

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51
What were the main causes of the Russian
Revolution?

• Rasputins assassination
• Czars Nicholas steps down
• Lenin rises
• Lenin signs the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
• The communist control Russia
• The March Revolution
• The Bolsheviks seize power
• Civil War in Russia

52
How did World War I contribute to the Revolution?

• The Russian government was dissatisfied with the
  conduct of the war.
• The Russians were being peacefully reformed until
  the stress of WWI cause the revolution.

53
How did the presence of the allied troops in
Russia ultimately help the communist?

• The presence made it easy for the communist
  government to call on patriotic Russians to fight
  foreign attempts to control the country

54
What steps did the communist take to turn Russia
into a centralized state dominated by a single
party?

• November 6 Bolshevik forces seized the Winter
  Palace- provisional government
• Meeting in the Petrograd of the all-Russian
  Congress of Soviets
• Bolsheviks renamed themselves the Communists
• 1921 the communists were in total control of
  Russia
• In the course of the civil war, the Communist
  regime had transformed Russia into a centralized
  stated dominated by a single party.

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The End of the War
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Armistice

• A truce, an end agreement to the end fighting
• On November 1, 1918, the new German government
  signed an armistice

57
Reparation

• Payment that made the victors by the vanquished
  to cover the cost of a war
• Clemenceau wanted Germany stripped of all
  reparation to cover the cost of war

58
Mandate

• A nation governed by another nation on behalf of
  the League of Nations but not own the territory
• France took control of Lebanon and Syria
• Britain received Iraq and Palestine

59
Erich Von Ludendorff

• Guided German military operations
• Decided to make a grand offensive in the west to
  break the military stalemate but he failed
• On September 29, 1918, informed German leaders
  that the war was lost and demanded that the
  government ask for peace at once

60
Friedrich Ebert

• Was over the Social Democrats after the departure
  of William II
• Announced the creation of a democratic republic

61
David Lloyd George

• Prime minister of Great Britain
• Won a decisive victory in the elections in
  December of 1918
• His platform was to make the Germans pay for his
  dreadful war
• Lloyd along with Clemenceau wanted to punish
  Germany
• One of the men to make the important decisions at
  the Paris Peace Conference

62
Georges Clemenceau

• The Premier of France
• Believed that the French people had suffered the
  most from German aggression
• Wanted Germany stripped of all weapons, vast
  German payments to cover the cost of war, and a
  separate Rhineland as a buffer state between
  France and Germany
• One of the men to make the important decisions at
  the Paris Peace Conference
• Clemenceau along with Lloyd, wanted to punish
  Germany
• He compromised to obtain some guarantees for
  French security and accepted a defend alliance
  with Great Britain and the US.

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Woodrow Wilsons Fourteen points

• US president, Woodrow explained the ideas of the
  fourteen points
• Basis for a peace settlement that Woodrow
  believed justified the enormous military struggle
  being waged
• Woodrow outlined the fourteen points to the US
  even before the end of the war
• Was a puzzle for a truly just and lasting peace
  which included reaching the peace reaching the
  peace agreements rather than through secret
  diplomacy reduced military forces and weapons to
  a point consistent with domestic safety and
  ensuring self-determination

64
Second Battle of the Marne

• Occurred on July 18
• Stopped the German advance
• French, Moroccan, and American troops supported
  by hundreds of tanks, threw the Germans back
  over the Marne

65
What were the most important provisions to the
Treaty of Versailles?

• The Treaty of Versailles with Germany, on June
  28, signed at Versailles near Paris was the most
  important, by far
• Military and territorial provisions angered the
  Germans

66
Why was the Mandate System created?Which
countries became mandated?Who governed them?

• The mandate system was created as a result of the
  peace settlement
• Lebanon and Syria were mandated France governed
  them
• Iraq and Palestine were mandated Britain
  governed them

67
Compare and contrast Woodrow Wilsons Fourteen
points to the Treaty of Versailles.

• The Treaty of Versailles and Woodrows fourteen
  points both wanted to have peace
• The Treaty of Versailles wanted to blame Germany
  for the war and changed the way Germany works
• Woodrow Wilsons fourteen points were about the
  ways of achieving the peace agreement and how to
  get fourteen points of getting there.

68
The Impact of the Great War
69
How many people, both military and civilian, were
killed or wounded on both sides?

• Killed 37,466,904
• Wounded 21,189,1545

70
What was the monetary cost of the war for both
sides?

• 1913 The cost was 82,400,000,000
• Inflation 95
• Today The cost would be 8,239,999,905

71
What innovations in military warfare occurred
during World War I?

• Artillery
• Gas

• Camouflage
• Machine guns

• Armor
• Equipment
• Tanks

Aircraft

• Central Powers
• Rumpler
• Albatross D
• Zeppelin L-44

• Allied Powers
• SE-5
• Neuport 28
• SPAD XIII
• SPAD VII

• Handley-Page bomber
• Sopwith Pup
• BE-2C Reconnaissance bomber

72
How did the slaughter of World War I affect
British, French, and German painters?

• Painters began illustrating death in their
  pictures.

73
How did the slaughter of World War I affect
British, French, and German poets and writers?

• Writers and poets begin to write about death and
  suffering.

74
What was the impact of the war on the French
environment?

• Desired revenge and security against future
  German aggression.
• Lost Russia as its major ally on Germanys
  eastern border.

75
How did the Great War contribute to the rise of
an international movement of pacifism?

• Pacifism the belief that disputes between
  nations should and can be settled peacefully
• After the war the peace movement reappeared
• The League of nations and the United nations.