THE WAR ENDS

1
THE WAR ENDS
2
The End of the Fighting

• April 1917 ? United States entered war
• Germany had to win before United States was able
  to fight

3
A New German Offensive

• Germany refocused efforts at Western Front
• no longer fighting with Russia in east
• March 1918 ? Germany led major assault
• made progress gained around 40 miles

4
A New German Offensive

• June 1918 ? American soldiers helped in Europe
  gave Allies hope
• 800,000 German soldiers died

5
German Collapse

• Second Battle of the Marne
• Allies stopped Germans (had done so in 1914, as
  well)
• Allies used tanks aircraft to gain ground
• many Germans simply gave up
• they knew Germany was defeated

6
German Collapse

• October 1918 ? Allied forces broke through
  heavily defended Hindenburg Line
• German leaders approached Allies for truce
• November 11, 1918 ? armistice agreed to
• Veterans Day

7
Differing Allied Goals

• America, Woodrow Wilson
• - Fourteen Points President Wilsons plan for
  organizing post-World War I Europe for avoiding
  future wars
• - within Fourteen Points
• -reduction of weapons
• -right of all people to choose their own
  governments (democracies)
• -organization for worlds nations to join, to
  protect from future aggression

8
Differing Allied Goals

• France, Georges Clemenceau
• punish Germany
• make Germany pay for costs of war
• Great Britain, David Lloyd George
• punish Germany
• dont weaken Germany
• wanted Germany to stop communism from spreading
  out of Russia

9
Differing Allied Goals

• Italy, Vittorio Orlando
• wanted to gain territory
• -Italy was essentially ignored

10
Treaty of Versailles

• Allies finally compromised on goals
• Treaty of Versailles was closer to Clemenceaus
  goals than Wilsons
• Germany had to accept the terms of the treaty

11
Treaty of Versailles

• Germany was forced to
• - pay reparations compensation in money,
  payable by a defeated country to another for loss
  suffered during war
• -take responsibility for conflict
• -return conquered land to France Russia
• -give land for formation of new country of
  Poland
• -give colonies around world to various world
  powers
• -limit size of military

12
Treaty of Versailles

• June 28, 1919 ? signed by Germany
• Wilson did get one thing he asked for
• League of Nations international body of nations
  formed after World War I to prevent future wars
• -Germany was excluded from the League
• -United States did not join League

13
Other Treaties

• treaties between Allied Central Powers
• Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire were broken
  apart to form other countries
• mandates territories once part of the Ottoman
  Empire that the League of Nations gave to other
  European powers to rule after World War I

14
Other Treaties

• mandates
• France controlled Syria Lebanon
• Great Britain controlled Palestine Iraq
• Balfour Declaration
• statement issued by the British foreign secretary
  in favor of establishing a Jewish homeland in
  Palestine
• -Transjordan from Palestine

15
The Costs of War

• Human Costs
• -9 million soldiers died
• -21 million soldiers wounded
• -13 million civilians died
• -70 million people died from Spanish Flu
  Pandemic

16
The Costs of War

• Economic Costs
• -France, Belgium, Russia
• -farmland cities were destroyed
• -countries started importing from different
  sources or develop own products
• -American Japanese economies prospered
• -332 billion total cost of war

17
The Costs of War

• Political Changes
• -communist revolution in Russia
• -monarchies in Austria-Hungary, Germany,
  Ottoman Empire overthrown
• Unrest in Colonies
• -colonists expected democracies because the
  Allied Powers had fought a war to spread
  democratic ideals

18
The Costs of War

• fifteen new nations/mandates formed before 1921
• Finland Czechoslovakia
• Estonia Austria
• Latvia Hungary
• Lithuania Yugoslavia
• East Prussia Syria
• Poland Iraq
• Lebanon Palestine
• Transjordan