Sample Exam Three

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Sample Exam Three
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Question 13

• The first stage in Elisabeth Kubler-Rosss theory
  dealing with death and grief is
• Denial
• Bargaining
• Anger
• Depression
• Repression

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Kubler-Ross theory of dealing with death

• Denial
• Anger
• Bargaining
• Depression
• acceptance

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Question 18

• Solomon Asch used line comparison questions,
  among others, to study
• Group Conformity
• Compliance Techniques
• Perceptual Inference
• Perceptual Expectancy
• The Size-Weight Illusion

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Question 19

• Accommodation, motion parallax, and texture
  gradient are all
• Terms coined by developmental psychologist Jean
  Piaget
• Developmental landmarks usually attained by the
  age of three
• Illusions of apparent movement
• Monocular depth cues
• Gustatory functions

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• Monocular cues
• Require only one eye
• Binocular cues
• Depend on the use of two eyes
• Texture gradient
• Objects with finer, less detailed textures are
  perceived as more distant
• Motion Parallax
• Apparent rate of movement of different objects
  provides info about the relative distance of
  those objects. EX car
• Accommodation
• Ability of the lens of your eye to change its
  shape and bend light rays so that objects are in
  focus

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Question 20

• Industrial and organizational psychologists
• Study the impact of advertising on the psychology
  of buying
• Study the impact of product placement on buying
  trends
• Study issues in the workplace related to morale,
  productivity, stress, and overall staff
  effectiveness
• Are trained to do clinical interventions when
  staff members in a company or organization suffer
  from stress or mental disorder
• Evaluate the role of psychology on advertising
  and, as a result, company profits

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Industrial organizational psychologists

• I-O psychology
• concerned with the study of workplace behavior

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Question 25

• The largest percentage of a typical nights sleep
  is spent in
• Stage one of sleep
• Stage two of sleep
• Stage three of sleep
• Stage four of sleep
• R.E.M.

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Question 27

• The somoatofoam disorder characterized by the
  patients belief that he or she is seriously ill
  despite professional diagnosis to the contrary is
• Hypocondriasis
• Immunosupression
• Conversion Disorder
• Phantom Pain
• Psychosomatic Illness

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Question 28

• Eidetic Imagery
• Requires priming before it can activate
• Is essentially synonymous with photographic
  memory
• Is highly correlated with the presence of
  tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
• Is related only to recall but not to recognition
• Has been demonstrated to be very common among
  high school students

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Question 29

• Which of the following is the best description of
  Noam Chomskys nativist theory of human language
  acquisition?
• Humans learn language entirely by mimicking the
  language of those around them
• Humans learn the elements of language when they
  are reinforced for appropriate usage
• Humans are innately predisposed to learn language
• From the first babbling sounds an infant makes,
  a listener can discern elements of the language
  the infant was born into
• The language of a culture determines the ways of
  thinking of that culture

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Chomskys Nativist Theory

• Children are born with mental structuresbuilt
  into the brainthat make it possible to
  comprehend and produce speech
• In Brocas Area LAD (language acquisition
  device) contains basic rulessuch as distinction
  between nouns and verbsthat make it easier for
  children to discover patterns in language

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Question 31

• David Wechslers intelligence tests (such as the
  W.I.S.C. and the W.A.I.S) were
• Designed to include performance based tasks
  rather than relying solely on language based
  questions
• Criticized for their inability to measure the
  intelligence of different age groups
• The first useable assessments of intelligence
  ever designed
• Once very commonly used but have been surpassed
  in popularity and rate of usage by then
  Stanford-Binet Test

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Wechsler tests

• Adult Intelligence Scale
• Intelligence Scale for Children
• Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence
• Measure intelligence by assessing performance on
  a variety of tasks.

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Question 32

• What does the graph below represent?
• Opponent process theory
• An action potential
• An E.E.G. readout
• An E.K.G. readout
• A positron emission tomography readout

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Question 34

• In psychological research, what is meant by
  statistical significance?
• Scores from the control group exceed scores from
  the experimental group or groups.
• Scores from the experimental group or group
  exceed scores from the control group.
• Researchers cannot reject the null hypothesis.
• That the results obtained are most likely not due
  merely to chance.
• That the results obtained are definitely not due
  merely to chance.

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Question 36

• A psychoanalyst would most likely criticize a
  humanistic therapist on which of the following
  grounds?
• Humanism is too optimistic about human nature and
  the individuals ability to help him or her self
  through the exercise of free will.
• Humanism depends far too much on analysis of the
  irrational and maladaptive thought processes of
  the patient.
• Humanism gives too little credit to the power of
  the patient to change.
• Humanism focuses too much attention on
  unconscious aggression and unexpressed urges.
• Humanism does to much work on uncovering the
  foundation of psychological problems without
  drectly addressing symptoms.

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Question 37

• Which of the following is a limitation of
  correlational research?
• Strong positive correlations are rare.
• Strong negative correlations are rare.
• If two variables are found to have zero
  correlation we assume they have no relationship
  at all.
• It is more difficult to conduct than experimental
  research.
• Data only reflect that a relationship exists
  between two variables but does not indicate
  whether either causes the other to occur.

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Question 38

• Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that
• Excites the transmission of pain messages
• Inhibits the transmission of pain messages
• Plays an important role in governing sleep,
  appetite, and mood
• Governs voluntary muscle movement
• Activates the fight or flight response

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Question 39

• Statistically, the most common _______ are
  repeated checking of objects or surroundings and
  excessive washing or cleaning.
• Undifferentiated habits
• Negative symptoms
• Reactive symptoms
• Obsessions
• Compulsions

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• Obsessions
• Compulsive preoccupation with a fixed idea or an
  unwanted feeling or emotion, often accompanied by
  symptoms of anxiety.
• Compulsions
• An irresistible impulse to act, regardless of the
  rationality of the motivation

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Question 41

• The fourth of Jean Piagets stages of cognitive
  development, characterized by the ability to
  consistently engage in abstract thinking is the
• Sensorimotor stage
• Pre-conventional stage
• Pre-operational stage
• Concrete operational stage
• Formal operational stage

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Piagets Stages

• Sensorimotorbirth to 2
• Object Permanence
• Develops in this stage fully developed by
  Preoperational
• Preoperational2 to 6/7
• Egocentrism
• Concrete Operational7-11
• Conservation
• Formal Operational adolescence

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Question 43

• Which of the following is the best example of
  negative reinforcement?
• Being spanked for failing to clean your room
• Eating a handful of candy which reduces your
  sadness and boredom
• Being threatened with physical punishment without
  its being carried out
• Being made to sit quietly on a chair for exactly
  two minutes
• Drinking a huge amount of water before competing
  in a long road race

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Question 45

• The way words are combined to form appropriate
  phrases and sentences is called
• Morphology
• Phonology
• Holophrastics
• Syntax
• Semantics

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• Syntax
• Set of rules that govern the formation of phrases
  and sentences in a language
• Morpheme
• Smallest unit of language that has meaning EX
  dog, run, -ed, -s
• Phoneme
• Smallest unit of sound that affects the meaning
  of speech EX a in cat and cake

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Question 48

• Which of the following are actual parenting
  styles as described by researcher Diana Baumrind?
• Neglectful, aggressive, disdainful
• Neglectful, aggressive, permissive
• Aggressive, disdainful, authoritarian
• Disdainful, authoritarian, authoritative
• Permissive, authoritarian, authoritative

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Question 49

• Which of the following is the best example of
  holophrastic speech?
• Potty!
• Yesterday I goed to the fire station.
• Me juice.
• Mommy go out.
• We went to the store and bought milk.

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• Babbling
• Holophrastic speech
• The one word stage in language acquisition
• Two word stage
• Telegraphic speech
• Basic sentences

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Question 52

• According to Albert Bandura, individuals who
  believe that their efforts can be successful in
  controlling events and outcomes have a high sense
  of
• Insight
• Social responsibility
• Self monitoring
• Self efficacy
• Self handicapping

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Question 53

• The 16 PF and the Big Five are both components of
• Humanism
• Trait Theory
• Neo-Freudian theory
• The collective unconscious
• Attribution theory

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16 PF

• Questionnaire that assesses 16 basic traits

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Question 54

• Research in social psychology suggests that
  individuals are likely to be attracted to those
  who are
• Aloof and seemingly unattainable
• Similar to themselves and in relatively close
  proximity
• Quite dissimilar from themselves but who
  complement them well
• Often absent
• Judged to be of higher intelligence than
  themselves

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Question 55

• Which of the following is the best example of the
  defense mechanism known as sublimation?
• Michael is concerned about the size of his ears
  and feels certain that everyone is constantly
  looking at them.
• Karen does poorly on a biology exam and says, I
  dont want to be a biologist anyway.
• Anne has powerful, unconscious aggressive urges
  and decides to become a surgeon.
• Dustin is attracted to pornographic material but
  he also leas a community censorship program
  against pornography.
• Shaunna and Ed are told that their child has a
  terminal illness but remain convinced the child
  will recover.

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Defense Mechanisms

• Rationalization
• Giving a socially acceptable reason for actions
  they really believe to be unacceptable EX
  everyone is doing it
• Reaction Formation
• Exact opposition to their true feelings EX child
  w/ low self-esteem becomes a bully
• Displacement
• Shifting your reaction from the real source of
  your distress to a safer individual or object EX
  kicking the dog!
• Projection
• Attributing our own unconscious desires to other
  people or objects EX two kids in a fight blame
  the other for starting it

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Question 56

• At the start of her course, a chemistry professor
  administers an assessment designed to measure
  aptitude in the study of chemistry. At the end
  of the course she finds a strong negative
  correlation between scores on the aptitude test
  and final grades for the chemistry course. The
  result indicates the aptitude test lacks
• Inter-rater reliability
• Intra-rater reliability
• Test-retest reliability
• Construct reliability
• Predictive reliability

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Predictive Reliability

• indicates the percentage of variability in one
  data series that can be accounted for by the
  variability in the other data series

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Question 57

• Which of the following states that there is a
  correlation between performance on a task, the
  difficulty of the task, and optimum levels of
  arousal?
• Webers Law
• Stevens Power Law
• The Law of Effect
• The law of Pragnaz
• Yerkes-Dodson Law

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• Yerkes-Dodson Law
• that performance increases with physiological or
  mental arousal, but only up to a point. When
  levels of arousal become too high, performance
  decreases. The process is often illustrated
  graphically as a curvilinear, inverted U-shaped
  curve which increases and then decreases with
  higher levels of arousal
• Webers Law
• The size of the JND is always large when the
  stimulus intensity is high, and small when the
  stimulus intensity is low
• Law of Pragnanz
• Our perceptual system prefers to see a fully
  developed shape, such as a complete circle rather
  than a broken circle
• Law of Effect
• Thorndike
• Stevens Power Law
• The relationship between the actual magnitude of
  the stimulus and its perceived magnitudemore
  accurate than Fechners law

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Question 58

• In a perfectly normal distribution a score of 100
  on a current IQ test would place you at
  approximately what percentile?
• 3rd
• 34th
• 50th
• 84th
• 97th

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• For a language test with a normally distributed
  scores, the mean was 70 and the SD was 10.
  Approximately what percentage of test takers
  scored 60 and above?
• A- 16
• B-34
• C-68
• D-84
• E-95

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Question 59

• Raymond Cattell argued that there are two basic
  types of intelligence. Of those, which is most
  closely associated with reasoning, novel problem
  solving, and understanding of the relationships
  between ideas?
• Fluid intelligence
• Multiplicity
• Flow
• Crystallized intelligence
• Primary intelligence

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Raymond Cattell Gen. Intelligence can be broken
down into 2 parts

• Crystallized intelligence
• Knowledge a person has acquired plus the ability
  to access that knowledge
• EX math or vocab test
• Fluid intelligence
• The ability to see complex relationships and
  solve problems
• EX algorithms heuristics

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Question 60

• An alcoholic is on a program in which he takes a
  medication which, when combined with alcohol,
  induces extreme nausea and vomiting. This is an
  example of
• Vicarious conditioning
• Intermittent reinforcement
• Tardive dyskinesia
• Blocking
• Aversive therapy

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Question 64

• Chris exhibits intense lack of trust and fear of
  abandonment along with a very low frustration
  threshold. This is accompanied by extreme
  instability of mood and behavior. Chriss
  symptoms most closely fit which of the following
  personality disorders?
• Schizotypal
• Anti-Social
• Borderline
• Passive aggressive
• narcissistic

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Borderline Personality Disorder

• Unpredictable moods and stormy interpersonal
  relationships, often becoming upset and abusive
  in response to perceived slights. They also have
  little tolerance for frustration. Impulsivity
  may be seen in a tendency for substance abuse,
  gambling, sexual promiscuity, binge eating,
  reckless driving, self-mutilation, or suicide
  attempts.

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Question 65

• Anti-psychotic drugs typically
• Stimulate the sympathetic nervous system
• Excite norepinephrine activity
• Inhibit dopamine activity
• Are unsuccessful in 90 percent of cases
• Help in 90 percent of cases

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Question 66

• An eclectic approach
• Places its emphasis on the patients view of
  their own dysfunction
• Focuses on what is occurring in the present
  moment, with little attention given to the past
• Is statistically successful only in the treatment
  of personality disorders
• Employs many different techniques, depending on
  the specific needs of individual patients
• Denies the existence of an accessible unconscious
  mind and thus focuses only on the outward actions
  of the patient

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Question 67

• According to Fritz Heiders attribution theory, a
  student is more likely to attribute his poor
  grade of a D on an essay to
• His teachers incompetence
• Predictable circumstances
• His own lack of preparation
• His own low intelligence
• High self efficacy

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Question 68

• A fundraiser hopes to get nearby residents to
  contribute money to a charitable endeavor.
  First, she has volunteers visit those residents,
  asking them to display a small sticker in their
  windows that states support for the cause. One
  month later, the volunteers return to ask for a
  contribution to the cause and they easily reach
  their goal. The fundraiser relied on which of
  the following persuasion techniques?
• Reciprocity
• Mutuality
• The foot-in-the-door technique
• The door-in-the-face technique
• The self enhancement technique

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Question 69

• What we expect to see, hear, taste, or smell can
  actually influence the experience. This
  describes the influence of
• Bottom-up processing
• The proximal stimulus
• Feature detection
• Perceptual set
• Closure

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Perceptual Set

• Readiness to detect a particular stimulus in a
  given contextas when a person who is afraid
  interprets an unfamiliar sound in the night as a
  threat
• Highway patrol has a perceptual set w/ sporty red
  cars

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Question 70

• One researcher investigating cheating in colleges
  and universities distributes a survey on the
  topic to juniors at a local community college. A
  second researcher interested in the same topic
  interview two students recently expelled from a
  major university in a cheating scandal. Which of
  the following disadvantages is essentially
  present in both approaches?
• Both are very limited in generalizability
• Both contain data tainted by the very presence of
  the researcher
• Both fail to control for confounding variables
• Both fail to control for the placebo effect
• Both are prone to subject mortality

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Question 71

• A completely normal distribution
• Contains no variation between scores
• Is asymmetrical
• Is statistically impossible
• Has a mean, median, and mode which are all
  exactly equal
• Accounts for only two standard deviations from
  the mean

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Question 72

• Nobel Prize winner Roger Sperry found that when
  he instantaneously displayed images to patients
  who had recently undergone split brain surgery
  that
• They were able to verbally report what had been
  shown to their right eye but not what had been
  shown to their left eye
• They were able to verbally report what had been
  shown to their left eye but not what had been
  shown to their right eye
• They were unable to verbally report having seen
  anything at all displayed to either eye, but
  could draw what they had seen
• They were unable to report in any way anything
  they had seen in either eye
• Even though they had just had the surgery, they
  had learned to adapt immediately and could thus
  verbally report anything that had been displayed
  to either eye

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Question 75

• In this scenario, what are the controlled
  stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus,
  respectively?
• The injection the veterinarian
• The veterinarian the yelp of pain
• The yelp of pain the veterinarian
• The injection the needle
• The needle the injection

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Question 78

• Which of the following is the best example of
  Jean Piagets concept of pre-operational
  egocentrism?
• A three-year-old child is talking to her father
  on the phone and silently nods her head yes to
  one of his questions, seemingly unaware that he
  cannot see the nod while on the phone.
• A nine-month-old boy searches for a ball that has
  rolled under the couch.
• A 15-year-old believes that everyone is waiting
  for me to make a fool of myself.
• An 8-year-old understands that the amount of clay
  she holds in her hand does not change even if she
  flattens the ball of clay with her other hand.
• A college student believes he has a superior
  intellect to all of the students who live in his
  college dormitory.

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Question 80

• An elderly man spends the final days of his life
  in a hospice, reflecting back on events in hopes
  that he has made a worthwhile contribution and
  that his existence has some meaning. Erik
  Erikson would say that this man has reached the
  eighth stage of psychosocial development, labeled
• Generativity vs. stagnation
• Integrity vs. despair
• Intimacy vs. isolation
• Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
• Industry vs. inferiority

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• Eriksons Stages of Psychosocial Development
• Trust Versus Mistrust. From ages birth to one
  year,
• Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt. Between the ages of
  one and three.
• Initiative vs. Guilt. Around age three and
  continuing to age six.
• Industry vs. Inferiority. From age six years to
  puberty
• Identity vs. Role Confusion. Adolescence.
• Intimacy vs. Isolation. Young adulthood.
• Generativity vs. Stagnation.  Middle adulthood.
• Ego Integrity vs. Despair. Senior Citizens.

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Question 82

• The gradual unfolding of development, which
  occurs naturally with little or no environmental
  intervention, is known as
• Linear perspective
• Maturation
• Continuity
• Socialization
• Normative growth

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Question 83

• An individual filled with unconscious hostility
  and anger frequently describes his colleagues at
  work as being violent and hostile. This is an
  example of
• Regression
• Projection
• Displacement
• Sublimation
• Intellectualization

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Defense Mechanisms

• Rationalization
• Giving a socially acceptable reason for actions
  they really believe to be unacceptable EX
  everyone is doing it
• Reaction Formation
• Exact opposition to their true feelings EX child
  w/ low self-esteem becomes a bully
• Displacement
• Shifting your reaction from the real source of
  your distress to a safer individual or object EX
  kicking the dog!
• Projection
• Attributing our own unconscious desires to other
  people or objects EX two kids in a fight blame
  the other for starting it

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Question 84

• In cases of schizophrenia, behaviors that
  indicate a loss or lack of function as compared
  to healthy people (as in absence of or extremely
  flattened emotional response) are referred to as
• Reactive symptoms
• Process symptoms
• Positive symptoms
• Negative symptoms
• Chronic symptoms

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Question 85

• One modern attempt to uncover the roots of
  disorders such as schizophrenia emphasizes the
  interaction between genetic predispositions and
  environmental triggers of such predispositions.
  This is called the
• Diathesis-stress model
• Biophysiological model
• Organic model
• Cognitive-behavioral model
• Socio-cultural model

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Diathesis stress model

• the diathesis stress model suggests that people
  may have a vulnerability for a disorder, but some
  kind of life stress is required for this
  potential to be triggered.
• The higher the diathesis (predisposition) the
  less stress is needed and vice versa
• Explanations of
• not 100 of identical twins both get
  schizophrenia
• why a large percent of people in traumatic
  situations (post 911, rape, etc.) never develop
  PTSD

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Question 86

• Edward Tolman discovered that rats that had been
  exposed to a maze first and then asked to run the
  maze to completion only demonstrated that they
  had actually learned the maze when reinforced for
  doing so. He called this
• Trial and error learning
• Latent learning
• Insight learning
• Observational learning
• Predisposed learning

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Edward Tolman

• Challenged Behaviorism in that he showed that
  simple associations between stimuli and responses
  could not explain all behavior, specifically the
  ones showed in his experiments.
• Let rats wonder about a maze for several hours
  w/o any reinforcement. Later those same rats
  were able to negotiate through the maze quicker
  than rats who had never seen the maze before
  (both w/ reinforcement)

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Question 87

• In regard to anti-social personality disorder,
  which of the following is best supported by
  current biological evidence?
• It is correlated with an excess of dopamine
  activity.
• It is correlated with a deficiency in dopamine
  activity.
• It results in enlarged ventricles in the brain.
• It is correlated with lower than normal levels of
  physiological arousal.
• It is correlated with higher than normal levels
  of physiological arousal.

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Question 88

• Eleanor Rosch conducted research on a cultural
  group in New Guinea that used only two color
  names and a group of Americans whose language
  includes many names for different colors. Each
  group of Americans whose language includes many
  names for different colors. Each group was
  exposed to colored chips and then asked to recall
  them later. Although the group with only two
  color names was expected to do less well than the
  second group in recalling the colored chips, no
  significant difference was found between the two
  groups. This seems to challenge which of the
  following theories that suggests that a cultures
  language influences its cognitions.
• Chomskys theory of the L.A.D.
• The generative hypothesis
• Thurstones theory of primary mental abilities
• Whorfs linguistic Relativity Theory
• Sternbergs Triarchic Theory

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Whorfs Linguistic Relativity Theory

• an individual's thoughts are influenced by the
  language(s) they have available to express them.
• language provides "habits" of thought that
  influence cognition

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Question 89

• A psychoanalyst believes her patient has begun to
  experience and express feelings toward her that
  actually mirror the feelings the patient feels
  for her own mother. Sigmund Freud called this
• Catharsis
• Gestalt
• Resistance
• Countertransference
• Transference

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Question 90

• Which of the following is the most abundant
  inhibitory neurotransmitter in humans, in that
  the majority of synapses respond to it?
• Dopamine
• G.A.B.A.
• Epinephrine
• Glutamate
• Substance P

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Question 92

• In a very crowded restaurant, a man appears to be
  choking on some food but no one comes to his aid
  until a police officer on duty nearby is called
  in. After the man recovers, many at the
  restaurant say the were reluctant to intervene
  because they did not know for certain that it was
  an emergency situation. This bystander
  scenario is an illustration of which of the
  following concepts?
• Pluralistic ignorance
• The norm of reciprocity
• The norm of social responsibility
• Conformity to norms
• Compliance

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Pluralistic Ignorance

• the majority of individuals in a group assume
  that most of their thoughts are different in some
  way, while the truth is that they are more
  similar than they realize. They thus will conform
  with supposed norms. When most people do this,
  the supposed norm becomes the norm.

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Question 93

• Which of the following refers to a test of
  absolute threshold?
• A volunteer rates the level of his own
  physiological arousal in response to a set of
  pheromones presented by the experimenter.
• A volunteer rates the level of his own
  physiological arousal in response to a set of
  pheromes presented by the experimenter.
• A volunteer is tested to see if she can identify
  a small odor of perfume in a large room at least
  half of the time that the perfume is presented.
• A volunteer is asked to rate levels of electric
  shock in terms of her ability to tolerate the
  pain caused at each level.
• A volunteer is evaluated on the ability to
  determine whether one weight is heavier than a
  second weight.

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Question 96

• According to Carl Jungs theory of unconscious
  archetypes, animus is the
• Public self that one allows others to see
• Private self that one intentionally buries so
  that others cannot see it
• Part of the personality that is considered most
  evil and therefore frightening
• Feminine side of a mans personality
• Masculine side of a womans personality

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Question 97

• The theory that humans identify the pitch of
  sounds according to the location of vibrations
  along the basilar membrane is called
• Feature analysis theory
• Place theory
• Wave theory
• Frequency theory
• Oscillation theory

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Question 98

• A voter finds a political candidate personally
  appealing and plans to vote for that candidate.
  When told of proposals the politician has made
  that contradict earlier statements made by that
  politician, the voter ignores the arguments.
  This is best explained by
• The representativeness heuristic
• The Rosenthal Effect
• The self serving bias
• Confirmation bias
• The fundamental attribution error

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Confirmation Bias

• tendency to search for or interpret new
  information in a way that confirms one's
  preconceptions and avoids information and
  interpretations which contradict prior beliefs

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Question 99

• Volunteers in a study receive injections of
  epinephrine (without knowing it as such) which
  result in elevated heart and respiration rates.
  Some of those volunteers, when placed in a
  setting with another person who pretends to be
  very angry, interpret their own physical
  sensations as representative of anger. Other
  volunteers, placed after the injection with a
  person who acts very happy and animated,
  interpret their own physical feelings as
  representative of happiness. These results are
  most supportive of which of the following?
• James-Lange Theory
• Cannon-Bard Theory
• Schachter-Singer Cognitive Physiological Theory
• Sociobiology Theory
• Ethological Theory

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Schachter-Singer Cognitive Physiological Theory

• James Lange
• emotion-provoking stimulus produces a physical
  response that in turn produces an emotion
• Cannon Bard
• Emotional feeling and the internal physical
  response occur simultaneously both the result of
  cognitive appraisal
• Schachter-Singer (two factor theory)
• Emotion results from cognitive appraisal of both
  physical arousal AND emotion provoking stimulus

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Question 100

• In human perception of some object, we call the
  size and shape of the object as it actually
  exists in the world
• A frame of reference
• A prototype
• An oraganismic variable
• The distal stimulus
• The proximal stimulus

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Distal Stimulus

• Size or shape constancy
• Proximal stimulus image that falls on the
  retina, not the actual size or shape of the
  object as it truly exists in the world

87
Question 101

• Are you going to DOMINATE the AP Psych Test?
• Yes
• No