TRANSPORTATION

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TRANSPORTATION
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Exploring Our World

• Humans have needed transportation since the first
  man walked the earth
• Around 3500 BC the wheel was invented in Middle
  east
• Horses, horse-drawn wagons were the early form of
  transportation
• By late 1400s boat were used by Phoenicians and
  Scandinavians for exploration
• Steam engine came into used during industrial
  revolution
• Today ---- we have SST (supersonic transport)
  Concorde
• Entering a new age of space exploration

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WORLD A Global Village

• Fast cheap transportation has brought people
  and their culture closer to others
• Transportation technology has made Tourism
  possible
• People must commute or travel on a regular basis
  to get to work
• Suburbs have grown around cities

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Recourses for Transportation

• Energy
• Earlier form uses wind, human or animal power
  etc. Now its Internal Combustion engine using
  gasoline or electrical motors using electricity
  with Transmission or drive
• People
• Information
• Design of transportation sys., Information about
  Road signs, routes, communication systems
• Materials
• Composites and advanced materials are extensively
  used now a days
• Tools and Machines
• Support and maintenance equipment
• Capital
• Building ports, airports, roadways and cars,
  airplanes are costly
• Time
• Travel time depends on distance and technology
  Mass transit, Airline scheduling etc.

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Types of Transportation Systems

• Transportation systems are alike in some senses
  and different in another
• One carry people (cars, airplanes) other carry
  goods (oil pipe line, conveyors etc.)
• Subsystems
• Various subsystems can be joined together to form
  different systems e.g., diesel engine and
  floating hull can be put together to form a boat

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Land Transportation

• Steam powered vehicles
• Nicolos-Joseph in 1769 first made a vehicle
  powered by steam engine
• First railroad to use steam was opened in England
  in 1830
• The engine used to pull the train up to 30
  miles/hour carrying both people and cargo.
• The railroad network sprang during this period in
  USA also.
• See page 431 Steam engine
• By late 1800s train speeds reached 100 miles/hour
• Gasoline powered vehicle
• In 1876 Nickolas Otto invented the internal
  combustion engine based on gasoline. Chapter 14

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Land Transportation

• Diesel Powered Vehicles
• Diesel engine came around early 1900s
• Similar to gasoline except for the spark plugs
• Electric Vehicles
• The concept of electric car is as old as steam
  engines (1839)
• Main problem with electric cars is the low
  battery storage
• Electric powered train use electrical lines to
  get power supply

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Water Transportation

• People have always traveled on streams, rivers
  and lakes.
• What makes a boat float
• Buoyancy (force pushing submerged objects
  upwards)
• Buoyancy is equal to the weight of the water
  displaced by the water
• If Buoyancy is equal to weight of the object, it
  will float on water
• Steam Powered ships
• In 1807, Robert Fulton build a ship powered by
  steam The Clermont
• Modern Ships
• Better hull design and engines made the ships
  faster.
• In 1952 S.S. United States took only 3 days, 10
  hours and forty minutes to cross the Atlantic
• Ship passenger travel has decreased over the
  years
• However, ships still carry the most
  intercontinental freights from automobiles to
  Bananas

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Water Transportation

• Submersibles
• Submersibles or submarines can operate on or
  under water because they can change their
  buoyancy.
• This is done filling in or out water into tanks
• These submarine need withstand huge power
• at 33 feet water exerts 14.7 lbs/in
• at 66 feet water exerts 29.4 lbs/in (doubled)
• Hydrofoil and air cushion vehicles
• Hydrofoils or air cushion vehicles (ACVs) are the
  vehicles that raises up in the water as it goes
  faster, reducing water resistance as a result.
• ACVs uses large fans to air under the boat
  lifting it on a cusion of air

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