THE%20TRUNK%20and%20SPINAL%20COLUMN

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THE TRUNK and SPINAL COLUMN

• Chapter 12

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Bones of the Spinal Column

• 33 bones, 24 are flexible
• A. Cervical - 7
• B. Thoracic - 12
• C. Lumbar - 5
• D. Sacrum - 5 (false vertebrae - fused together)
• E. Coccyx - 4 (false vertebrae - fused together)
• LINK

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Landmarks of the Vertebrae
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General Landmarks

• 1. Spinous process
• 3. Transverse process - tubercle of rib
  articulates
• 5. Body
• 6. Vertebral foramen

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General Landmarks

• Vertebral notch
• Superior
• Inferior

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General Landmarks

• Intervertebral foramen

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Cervical Vertebrae
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Cervical Vertebrae

• First 7 vertebrae
• Identified as C1 C7
• C1 Atlas
• C2 Axis

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Atlas (C1)

• Large vertebral foramen
• Transverse ligament

Anterior
Posterior
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Axial (C2)

• Odontoid process or Dens

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Thoracic (T1-T12)
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Thoracic (T1-T12)
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Lumbar (L1-L5)
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Lumbar (L1-L5)
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• Note the differences
• Transverse process
• Spinous process
• Body

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• Note the differences
• Transverse process
• Spinous process
• Body

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Sacrum
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Intervertebral Disks
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Intervertebral Disks
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Actions of the Spinal Column

• Flexion
• Extension
• Lateral Flexion
• Rotation
• Same side
• Opposite side

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Flexion
Cervical flexion

• 1. Free in all three regions
• 2. Cervical and thoracic curves may be reduced to
  straight lines
• 3. Lumbar curve may be reversed in flexible
  subjects

Lumbar flexion
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Extension
Cervical extension

• 1. Free in all three regions
• 2. Cervical and thorasic curves may be reduced to
  straight lines
• 3. Lumbar curve may be reversed in flexible
  subjects

Lumbar extension
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Lateral flexion
Cervical lateral flexion

• 1. Free in cervical and lumbar regions
• 2. Limited in thorasic region by rib attachments
• 3. Accompanied by torsion

Lumbar lateral flexion
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Rotation
Cervical rotation

• 1. Freest at top, least free at bottom
• 2. Accompanied by slight lateral flexion

Lumbar rotation
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Joints of the Spinal Column
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Atlantooccipital joint

• Articulation between the head and neck
• i. Atlas (C1)
• ii. Occipital bone
• Acts as a hinge joint flexion and extension
• No rotation at this joint

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Atlantoaxial

• Articulation between C1 and C2
• a. pivot joint - rotation is here
• b. the dens or ondontoid process fits into the
  inner, anterior portion of the vertebral foramen
• with the help of the transverse ligament.

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Arthordial or gliding-type joints

• Composed of the synovial joint between superior
  and inferior articulating surfaces

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Cartilaginous or synarthrodial joints

• Intervertebral disks
• i. nucleus pulposus - gel
• ii. annulus fibrosus - covering
• Shape and thickness varies with location
• Make up approximately 25 of the column length
• Allow limited motion in all three planes

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Defects of the Spine
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Kyphosis - hunchback

• Increase anterior concavity ( or curvature) of
  the thoracic curve

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Lordosis - swayback

• Increase posterior concavity of the lumbar
  region.
• it causes shortened back extensors
• it causes lengthened abdominal

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Scoliois

• Lateral curvatures or sideward deviations of the
  spine.
• Decreases the ability of the spin to support the
  body
• Distorts the body cavity and that crowds the
  organs
• Puts pressure on the nerves
• Causes
• Imbalance of the deep back muscles and ligaments

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Scoliois

• Treatment
• Body cast
• Electrical stimulation of deep muscles
• Harrington Rod implant - ratchett effect

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Sternum
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Ribs

• 12 pairs
• 7 pair are true ribs
• 5 pair are false ribs
• 3 pair attach indirectly to the sternum
• 2 pair are floating ribs that dont attach to
  the sternum

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Ribs