South Dakota Ethanol Plants

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Mixing
Are You Feeding What You Formulated???
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What Factors do you need to be aware of?
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• DIET FORMULATION Actual Feed
  Composition
• Accuracy of Weights
• MIXED FEED
• The integrity of the mix
• The integrity of
• the discharge in the bunk
• DELIVERED FEED
• Wind Sift
• Cattle Sorting
• Weather Damage
• CONSUMED FORMULATION

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• DIET FORMULATION Actual Feed
  Composition
• Accuracy of Weights
• MIXED FEED
• The integrity of the mix
• The integrity of
• the discharge in the bunk
• DELIVERED FEED
• Wind Sift
• Cattle Sorting
• Weather Damage
• CONSUMED FORMULATION

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Feeding Handling

• Feed Composition
• - Dry Matter
• - Crude Protein
• Quality
• Price

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Feed Values

• Do Assays Match Computer File?
• CP,
• 97 Corn 8.2 to 9.8
• 98 Corn 7.8 to 9.6
• 99 Corn 8.0 to 9.4
• NRC Corn 9.8

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Determining Dry Matter

• Important for feed delivery
• Changes in DM consumed
• Pricing Feedstuffs
• Monitoring shrink

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DM Content of Hay Pile
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• DIET FORMULATION Actual Feed
  Composition
• Accuracy of Weights
• MIXED FEED
• The integrity of the mix
• The integrity of
• the discharge in the bunk
• DELIVERED FEED
• Wind Sift
• Cattle Sorting
• Weather Damage
• CONSUMED FORMULATION

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Factors Influencing Mixing

• Bulk density of ingredients
• Particle size
• Surface Friction
• Mixing action
• Load size

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Mixer Performance

• Style of mixer
• Condition of mixer
• Type of diet
• Ingredient sequencing
• Operator proficiency

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Factors affecting mixing integrity

• 1. Particle size
• - Ground hay vs. long-grass hay
• 2. Particle shape
• - Round particles are more mobile
• - Prone to over mixing
• 3. Particle density or specific weight
• - Denser particles will separate to the bottom
• Premixs Minerals, ionophores, drug additives
• - Less dense particles rise or maintain position
  in mixer

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Factors affecting mixing integrity

• 4. Hygroscopicity
• - Ability to attract or take-up water (i.e.
  urea)
• - Can cause caking
• 5. Static charge
• - Drugs, additives vitamins posses a large
  static charge which may cause them to bind to
  the mixer walls
• 6. Adhesiveness
• - i.e. Molasses on top of grass hay
• Clumps or feed balls

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Factors affecting mixing integrity

• 7. Time
• The previously mentioned factors all interact
  with time.
• How long do you mix???
• Mixer Type / condition of mixer
• Type of diet

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2 basic types of mixers

• 1) Horizontal mixer
• - Most common mixer setup
• - Stationary Mobile
• Combination of forcing the feed back forth,
  while tumbling in-between
• 1) Ribbon-type
• 2) Reel-type
• 3) Paddle-type
• 4) Auger-Type
• - 1 Auger, Mono-mixer
• - 3 or 4 Augers

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Types of Mixers

• Ribbon-Type
• Made up 2 large ribbons
• Shaft may have paddles
• Advantages
• Good with roughages
• Disadvantages
• Tends to over mix finishing diets

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Types of Mixers

• Reel type
• Popular Mixer, versatile
• Good with finishing diets
• Disadvantages
• Trouble with large amounts of grass, especially
  long

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Types of Mixers

• Paddle-Type
• Oldest design, found more on stationary mixers
• Disadvantages
• Cant handle large amounts of long hay

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Types of Mixers

• Monomixer
• Designed for high roughage diets and long
  stem hay
• Smaller size beneficial to cow/calf,
  backgrounder producer
• Finishing diets may tend to separate out

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Types of Mixers

• Auger Mixers
• Companies have different sizes and location of
  augers
• 3 auger
• Better with backgrounding diets were hay is
  ground
• 4 auger Popular being used by a variety of
  operations.
• SDSU trials showed variability

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Types of Mixers

• Vertical
• Relatively new
• Designed for dairies with high roughage diets
• Can utilize whole round bales
• Watch for dead spaces
• Longer amount of mixing time

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Wagons
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Mixer Comparisons
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Factors Affecting Mix

• Sequence of feedstuffs in to mixer
• Whats first
• Bulky? Dense? Light? Wet?

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Factors Affecting Mix

• Sequence of feedstuffs in to mixer
• Whats first
• Bulky? Dense? Light? Wet?
• Nutrition Unit
• Corn, Supplement, mix, Roughages
• Problem with Clams

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Ingredient Loading Sequence

• gt.75 in .75-.31 in lt.31 in
• Ordera CV CV CV
• W-A-C 28.7 17.4 35.3 7.7 35.8 13.7
• A-W-C 29.1 19.6 32.9 12.4 37.9 12.4
• A-C-W 22.8 22.0 36.2 9.4 40.9 5.9
• W-C-A 29.7 9.3 33.6 10.8 36.5 9.4
• a W wheatlage A chopped alfalfa hay C
  concentrate
• Rippel et al., 1998

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Ingredient Loading Sequence

• gt.75 in .75-.31 in lt.31 in
• Ordera CV CV CV
• W-A-C 28.7 17.4 35.3 7.7 35.8 13.7
• A-W-C 29.1 19.6 32.9 12.4 37.9 12.4
• A-C-W 22.8 22.0 36.2 9.4 40.9 5.9
• W-C-A 29.7 9.3 33.6 10.8 36.5 9.4
• a W wheatlage A chopped alfalfa hay C
  concentrate
• Rippel et al., 1998

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Time Required to Thoroughly Mix

• Most demonstrations as SDSU have looked at 2, 4,
  6, 8 mixing times
• Some groups have mixed as long as 14 min, based
  on visual appearance

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CV of ADF Across Top of Mixer
Diet Backgrounding Rolled Corn 12.4, Corn
Gluten 23.7, Soybean hulls 42.0, Grass 15.8,
Liq 6.1
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Red Hots ConcentrationRecovered from Three Mixers
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Steps to quantify if you mixer is working

• Best is the use of an ionophore as a maker
• Expensive
• Chose markers that represent similar bulk
  densities or sizes of feedstuffs
• Corn - Died whole shelled corn
• Pellets - Red hot candies
• Hay - Styrofoam or paper shreds

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Mixer Sampling Discrepancies
Reel Type
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Mixer Sampling Discrepancies
Reel Type
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Mixer Sampling Discrepancies
4 Auger
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Mixer Sampling Discrepancies
4 Auger
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Condition of Mixer

• Is your mixer working properly?

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3 Mixers After 8 Minutes
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Before . . . . . .3-Auger MixerCommercial
Feedlot
Avg. 12.00 CV 22.05
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After . . . . . .3-Auger MixerCommercial Feedlot
Avg. 19.5 CV 10.7
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CV for ADF Across Top of Mixer
Diet Backgrounding 40 roughage 60 concentrate
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Do I need a mixer Wagon

• If you dont use a mixer or scale you may just be
  feeding by volume.
• - result in large fluctuations in feed
  delivery
• How many head do I need to feed to justify a
  mixer wagon with scales?

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Do I need a mixer Wagon

• Wagner et al. 1988
• - 72 were divided in to 8 9 head pens
• - 4 pens were fed with a mixer wagon
• - 4 pens were fed by volume
• - feed was set out loaded with loader
• - corn silage, hay, corn and supplement
• - Heifers were growing diet for133 d

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Do I need a mixer Wagon

• Diet
• Corn Silage 40
• Ground Alfalfa 40
• Ground HMC 15
• Supplement 5

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Do I need a mixer Wagon

• Results
• Mixed Unmixed
• In wt., lbs. 476 474
• ADG, lbs.a 1.82 1.65
• DM, lbs 16.6 17.1
• Feed/gain 9.12 10.4
• a Plt.05
• 22 lbs of gain with 61 lbs less feed

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Do I need a mixer Wagon

• Results
• 22 lbs of gain with 61 lbs less feed
• 22 x .85 18.70 per head
• 3-4 dollars per head feed savings
• 21.70 per head per year

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• DIET FORMULATION Actual Feed
  Composition
• Accuracy of Weights
• MIXED FEED
• The integrity of the mix
• The integrity of
• the discharge in the bunk
• DELIVERED FEED
• Wind Sift
• Cattle Sorting
• Weather Damage
• CONSUMED FORMULATION

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Proper Bunk Management

• Cattle are prone to sort
• Quality of feeds is imperative cleanliness
• Weather

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Proper Bunk Management
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If I Have.

• carefully formulated diets
• tracking that matches closeouts
• what I consider a well-run yard
• Could anything be wrong?

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Two Big Concerns

• The expression what you cant see or dont know
  wont hurt you is a lie our parents told us that
  we must reconsider.
• If we havent measured it we really have no idea
  about whether it is a problem.

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In Your Yards

• Where can the system fail?
• How big is the concern?
• Are there simple or cumulative effects on profits?

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Rumensin VariationCommercial Feedlot (Botec
4-Auger)
Mean 15.64 CV 9.0
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Diet Ingredients/Supplement Type
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Order of Ingredients

• 4 screw
• Corn
• Liquid
• Mixed 1 min
• All Markers
• WCGF
• Hay
• Mixed 14 min

• 3 screw
• Corn
• Liquid
• Mixed 1 min
• Milk balls and red hots
• Hay
• Peanuts
• WCGF
• Mixed 4 min

• Reel type
• Corn
• Liquid
• Mixed 1 min
• Milk balls and red hots
• Hay
• Peanuts
• WCGF
• Mixed 2 min

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