Class Three

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Class Three
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The Story Thus FaR

• Hunter-Gatherer Period
• 4-1million years Ago
• Beginning of Agriculture
• 10,000-8,000 BCE
• Neolithic Agricultural Villages
• 8,000 BCE

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Mesopotamia

• The land Between the Tigris and the Euphrates
  Rivers
• Full Blown Complex Society
• Changes Attributed to Agriculture
• First Cities 4000 BCE
• Monarchy 3000 BCE Why?

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Mesopotamia

• City States
• Growing populations, Competition for Resources,
  Desire for Wealth
• Conflict Between City States
• Conquest By More Powerful States
• Empires consisting of several states

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City Government

• Maintained Order
• Provided safety From Other City States
• Organized Community Works

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Mesopotamian Civilization

• Sumer
• Akkadian Empire
• Babylonian Empire
• Assyrian EmPire
• New Babylonian

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Sumer 3200-2350

• First cities
• City Walls
• Ziggarats Stepped Temples
• Irrigation Systems
• Trade Between City States
• Conflict Between cityStates

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Akkadian Empire

• Based at City-State of Akkad
• Sargon and his successors 2334-2150 BCE
• Controlled and Taxed Trade
• Gained Control of Mesopotamia
• Collapsed Due to Inner Disunity and Attacks from
  Outside

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Babylon 2350-1600 BCE

• Hammurabi (reigned1792-1750 BCE)
• Regular Taxation
• Hammurabis Code of Law
• Lex Talionis (punishment should correspond to the
  Crime)
• Empire Destroyed by Hittite Invasions

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Assyrian Empire

• 1000- 600 BCE
• Cities of Nineveh and Assur
• Borrowed From Previous Empires
• Known for Highly Trained Professional Military
  and Chariots

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New Babylon Empire

• Also called Chaldean
• King Nebuchadnezzar (reigned 605-550 BCE)
• Lavish Capital of Babylon
• Conquered new Empire outside of Mesopotamia in
  mid-500s Persian Achaemenid Empire

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Mesopotamian Societies

• Agriculture
• Trade with Distant Lands
• Division of Labor
• Patriarchal Society
• Distinct Social Classes
• Wealth and Power in the hands of a Few
• Monarchies

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Social Hierarchy

• Kings and Nobles
• Priests and Priestesses
• Free commoners
• Landless Laborers
• Slaves

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Creations

• Systems of Writing, including First alphabetic
  Script
• Development of Crafts
• Metallurgy Bronze Weapons
• Wheeled Vehicles and Ships

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Phoenicians or CanaAnites

• Canaan Coastal Plain North of Palestine (map p.
  46)
• Not an empire
• Independent City States
• Focus on Trade
• Dominated Mediterranean Trade
• Built Best Ships
• Influenced by Mesopotamia
• Created Alphabetic Script

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Indo-Europeans

• Time Period 4500-2500 BCE
• Location Steppe region of modern Ukraine and
  southern Russia (this has been debated)
• Nomadic or semi-nomadic
• Livestock Cattle, Horses, Sheep and Goats

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Indo-European Languages

• Indo-Iranian Sanskrit, Persian, Kurdish
• Greek Ancient and Modern Forms
• Balto-Slavic Russian, Polish, Lithuanian
• Germanic German,English, Swedish, Danish,
  Dutch-Flemish, Yiddish
• Italic Spanish, italian, French, Portugese
• Celtic Irish, Scottish Gaelic,Welsh

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Ancient IsRaeli Culture

• Nomadic Herders
• Established Small Kingdom
• Conquered by Assyrians (722 BCE) and Babylonians
  (586 BCE) and sent into exile
• Influenced by Mesopotamian Cultures
• Hebrew Law Code of Hammurabi
• Creation Myth of Genesis Mesopotamian Creation
  Myth

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Religion

• Consists of four Elements
• Notions of the Sacred
• Mythic elements
• Ritual Elements
• Systems of Purity

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Mythic Elements

• Myths
• SaCred Writings
• Teachings
• Beliefs

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Myth

• A story or narrative that Expresses the Beliefs
  and Values of a Society

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Hebrew Creation Myths

• Genesis 1-3
• First Myth Genesis 1-23
• Second Myth genesis 23-3