EARTH SCIENCE

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EARTH SCIENCE

• Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science

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Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science

• I. What is Earth Science
• (Note Objectives A-C On Page 3)
• Topic 1 Branches of Earth Science

-Geology surface and interior of
earth -Astronomy universe -Meteorology
weather -Oceanography oceans -Hydrology
water budgets and water systems
-Others paleontology, volcanology
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Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science

• Topic 2 Activities of Todays Geologists

-Origins of the earth -History of the
earth -Structures of the earth -Processes
shaping the surface -Searching for sources of
oil, Uranium, geothermal energy
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Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science

• Topic 3 What Astronomers Do

-Study of things beyond our reach -Development
of investigating tools
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Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science

• Topic 4 What Meteorologists Do

-weather forecasters -study air
pollution -study long term climate changes
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Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science

• Topic 5 What Oceanographers Do

-measure ocean depths -look for ocean mineral
deposits -study ocean currents -glacial
movements -touch on marine biology -underwater
earthquakes
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Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science

• II. The Origin of the Earth (and Solar System
  for that matter)
• (Note Objectives A-C On Page 7)
• Topic 6 Where Earth Science Begins The Solar
  System
• A. Hypothesis A good guess explaining known
  facts

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Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science

• Topic 6 B. Six facts of the solar system

1. All planets revolve around the sun in the
same direction. 2. Nearly circular orbits
(Actually ellipses) 3. Most are in the same
plane 4. Sun turns on axis (rotation) in same
direction of planets. 5. Most planets rotate
in same direction as sun. 6. Seven planets have
moons and these rotate in same direction as
rotating planets and sun.
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Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science

• Topic 7 The Protoplanet Hypothesis
• 1944 von Weizsacker and 1950 Kuiper

A. Six steps 1. 5 billion years ago, gas and
dust cloud 1 billion km in diameter
existed. 2. It shrank, why?, and started to
rotate quicker. 3. Got hot and ignited
fusion reaction. 4. of material blown off in
a disc. 5. Masses clung together within the
disk (Protoplanets) 6. Uncollected
materials exist as comets, meteoroids, and
asteroids.
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Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science

• Topic 8 Origin of Oceans (3 Steps)

1. Earth grew hotter, due to compression,
radioactive materials, and meteor showers. 2.
Fe (iron) melted and sank, water and gasses
were released. 3. Upon cooling, water
condensed into oceans.
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Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science

• Topic 9 Origin of Atmosphere (2 Steps)

1. Original atmosphere was from volcanoes.
Mostly water, carbon dioxide, and
sulfur dioxide 2. First oxygen from breakdown
of water at high temperatures, but most from
photosynthesis much later over billions of
years. Nitrogen came from Hydrogen cyanide.
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Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science

• Topic 10 Structure of Solid Earth
• A. Model used to help us picture what we cant
  see.

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Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science

• Topic 10 B. The 4 parts of the earth
• 1. Inner core
• 1200 km in diameter
• Made of solid Fe and Ni
• 2. Outer core
• 2250 km thick
• Made of liquid Fe and Ni
• 3. Mantle
• 2400 km thick
• Fe, Mg, Si
• 4. Crust
• 10-65 km thick
• No drilling has penetrated it

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Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science

• Topic 11 How the Continents Formed (Not really
  sure)
• A. Two Possibilities?

1. Immense single continent formed from
forced out rock. 2. From great lava flows
over 100s of millions of years. Remember
Todays continents are different from those
long ago.