Exchange of Respiratory Gases

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Introduction

• Exchange of Respiratory Gases
• Control of Acid/Base balance
• Control of Blood pH
• Consists of
• Conductive system
• Exchange system
• Circulatory System Interface
• Cellular respiration
• External respiration
• Internal respiration

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The Gas Laws

• Avogadros law and number
• Equal volumes of gas at the same pressure contain
  the same number of molecules.
• 6.02 x 10 23
• Concentration of gas - Gas pressure
• Boyles law of gas
• V P
• Pressure varies inversely with volume
• Volume varies inversely with pressure
• Pressure example with a Har bottle
• mm Hg -- cm H2O -- Torr

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The Gas Laws

• Daltons Law of Partial Pressure

4
The Gas Laws

• Laws of Gas Flow
• Laminar flow - Turbulence
• Poiseuille's law states that flow rate is
  inversely related to both the tube length and to
  the viscosity of the gas
• Bernoulis law relates the loss in pressure to
  the resistance of a system. Total pressure is
  divided between flow( forward pressure) and
  lateral pressure

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The Gas Laws

• Fickes Law of Diffusion
• Grahams Law
• Diffusion of gases varies with molecular weight
• higher molecular weight the slower the diffusion
• Oxygen diffusion pure gas
• Carbon Dioxide diffusion CO2 and Bicarbonate
  Ions
• Henrys Law - law of the coke bottle
• The amount of gas dissolved in a liquid varies
  directly with the total quantity of gas and the
  pressure of the gas.

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The Gas Laws

• Charless Law - effects of temperature on a gas
• Pressure varies with Temperature
• Heating a can example
• Interaction with Boyles law
• Daltons Law of Partial Pressure
• Partial Pressure of a gas is proportional to the
  proportion of that gas in a mixture of gases
• Oxygen 21 of 760 Torr 160 Torr
• Nitrogen 79 or 600 Torr

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Anatomy of the Upper Tract

• Nose
• External Nares or Nostrils
• Nasal Cavity - boundries
• Internal Nares
• Conche
• Hard Palate
• Soft Palate and Uvula

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Nasal Epithelium

• Paranasal Sinuses
• Olfactory Epithelium
• Nasal Epithelium - Pseudostratified Ciliated
  Columnar Epithelium
• Nasopharynx
• Oropharynx - Fauces narrowing flaps
• Laryngopharynx
• Tonsils (Palatine Lingual) and Adenoids or
  Pharyngeal
• Eustachian tubes

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• Larynx -adams apple
• Epiglotttis
• Glottis
• Thyroid cartilage
• Cricoid cartilage
• Vocal cords

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• Alveolar walls
• Capillary walls

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Lung structure

• Type I Alveolar cell - respiratory
• Type II- produces surfactant

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Surfactant
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Respiratory Disorders
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Inspiration

• Contraction of
• External Intercostals
• Diaphragm
• Intra-alveolar pressure - 756
• Volume moved 2.2 liters
• Bucket Handle movement
• Rib movement
• Pump Handle movement
• Sternum movement

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Expiration

• Passive movement
• Elastic recoil of diaphragm
• Elastic Recoil of lung tissue
• Surfactant
• Abdominal assist

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Breathing

• Effects of Posture
• Abdominal Pressure

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External Internal Respiration
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Oxygen Disassociation Curve

• Bohr Effect - Carbon Dioxide (c) effects oxygen
  transport
• Haldane Effect - Oxygen levels effect carbon
  dioxide transport
• Carbon Monoxide

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Carbon Dioxide Transport
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Carbon Dioxide Transport Tissue level
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Carbon Dioxide Transport Lung level
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Fetal Adjustments
Fetal
Postnatal