Prevention

1
Prevention Rehabilitation

• Nipissing University
• Lecture 2
• 16 January 2007

2
Presentation Schedule
3
(No Transcript)
4
Web Resources

• NU library
• A to Z Periodicals listing
• Search the titles of the periodicals available
• Eg type in crim into the search engine
• Will get 40 journals including
• Legal Criminological Psychology
• Psychology, Crime, Law
• Canadian Journal of Criminology Criminal
  Justice
• Criminal Behavior Mental Health

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Journal Legal Criminological Psychology

• Advanced Search in Ebscohost
• Legal criminological (in Journal Name)
• Bully (in Default)
• Yields 4 journal articles including
• How do offenders define bullying? A study of
  adult, young and juvenile male offenders.
• Sep2003, Vol. 8 Issue 2, p159
• The prevalence, nature and psychological
  correlates of bullying in Irish prisons.
• Sep2002, Vol. 7 Issue 2, p131
• How does assertiveness relate to bullying
  behaviour among prisoners?
• Feb2002, Vol. 7 Issue 1, p87

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Advanced Search in Ebscohost

• Check off scholarly peer reviewed journals
• Check off full text if not want interlib loans
• Type in bully (in default)
• Type in prison (in default)
• Get 54 hits such as.
• Descriptive analysis of the nature and extent of
  bullying behavior in a maximum security prison.
• Bullying behaviors among male and female
  prisoners A study of adult and young offenders
• How do offenders define bullying? A study of
  adult, young and juvenile male offenders

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View the Contents of Specific Journal

• Articles from the most recent (available) issue
  of Psychology, Crime Law (12 month delay)
• Dec2004, Vol. 10 Issue 4
• Attitudes towards the criminal legal system
  Scale development and predictors
• Predictors of criminal recidivism among male
  batterers
• Beliefs about child witnesses A survey of
  professionals

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Referencesare they scholarly?

• INCLUDE
• Journals
• academic texts
• government reports or publications
• Newspapers (if reputable)
• DO NOT INCLUDE
• magazines (readers digest or people magazine!)
• Opinion pieces (e.g. letters to the editor)
• BE CAREFUL WITH
• Websites (evaluate the source)
• Government website OK
• Joes Criminal Justice Web Page NOT OK!

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Federal Government Websites

• Correctional Service Canada
• http//www.csc-scc.gc.ca/
• Depository Services Program (DSP E-collection)
• http//dsp-psd.communication.gc.ca/Epubs/epubs-e.h
  tml
• Library and Archives Canada (Theses Portal)
• http//www.collectionscanada.ca/thesescanada/

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Other Government Sites

• US Government
• Other Countries
• Various Provincial Government home pages
• Ministry of Community Safety Correctional
  Services
• http//www.mpss.jus.gov.on.ca/english/police_serv/
  organized_crime.html

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APA style

• Nipissing Library Reference Desk
• call BF76.7 .P83 2001
• web site for APA
• http//www.apastyle.org/
• APA web site for electronic refs
• http//www.apastyle.org/elecref.html
• Other examples of proper APA style on web
• http//www.bridgew.edu/Library/htm/pdf/apa_style.p
  df

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Example of a Journal Article Reference for Slide
Presentation

• Include the following reference at the bottom of
  your slide.
• Leddy, J. OConnell, M. (2002). The
  prevalence, nature and psychological correlates
  of bullying in Irish prisons. Legal
  Criminological Psychology, 7(2), 131-141.
• Note the TITLE of the journal is in italics
• Note Only the first word in the title of the
  article is capitalized (unless there is a proper
  noun in the title.like Toronto or Irish or an
  acronym such as WAIS-R)but ALL words in the name
  of the Journal are Capitalized!

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Example of Reference to a book for Slide
Presentation

• Include the following reference at the bottom of
  your slide.
• Andrews, D. Bonta, J. (2003). The Psychology
  of Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati Anderson
• Note the title of the book is in italics
• And all of the words in the title are capitalized

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Reference List for Presentation

• Include a final slide(s) with all references
  listed
• Alphabetical by surname of first author

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Treatment Principles

• Risk Principle
• Match treatment services to risk level
• Need Principle
• Target criminogenic needs
• Responsivity Principle
• Match treatment style to offenders learning
  style
• Professional Discretion
• Program Integrity

Andrews, D. Bonta, J. (2003). The Psychology of
Criminal Conduct (3rd ed). Cincinnati, Anderson
Publishing Co.
16
Purposes of Judicial Sanctioning

• Rehabilitation
• Goal Reduce Recidivism
• Retributive Justice
• Goal Harm Offender
• Restorative Justice
• Goal Repair Harm
• Incapacitation
• Goal Control
• Deterrence
• Goal Prevent Crime

Andrews, D. Bonta, J. (2003). The Psychology of
Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati Anderson
17
Retributive Justice

• Doing Harm
• Just Deserts Theory
• Punishment fits the crime
• Mean Spirit
• Reduce programs / services
• Dont expect decrease in recidivism

Andrews, D. Bonta, J. (2003). The Psychology of
Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati Anderson
18
Restorative Justice

• Repair Harm
• Restore Community
• Accountability

Andrews, D. Bonta, J. (2003). The Psychology of
Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati Anderson
19
Incapacitation

• Control of Reoffending
• Custodial sentence
• Monitor in Community

Andrews, D. Bonta, J. (2003). The Psychology of
Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati Anderson
20
Specific General Deterrence

• Knowledge of the Consequences
• General (non-offenders)
• Specific (offender)

Andrews, D. Bonta, J. (2003). The Psychology of
Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati Anderson
21
Structural vs. Clinical Aspects of Service
Delivery

• Kirby (1954) classified treatment as
• Probation Parole
• Institution based
• Capital punishment
• Psychotherapy
• Non-institutional
• Structural
• Not Clinical (no content or process)

Andrews, D. Bonta, J. (2003). The Psychology of
Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati Anderson
22
Reviews of the Effectiveness of Rehabilitation

• Review n effective
• Kirby (1954) 4 75
• Bailey (1966) 22 60
• Lipton et al. (1975) 231 40-60
• Logan (1972) 18 50
• n number of studies reviewed
• Logan reviewed 100 studies, but only 18 were
  studies of counseling/therapy with a comparison
  group

Andrews, D. Bonta, J. (2003). The Psychology of
Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati Anderson
23
Destruction of Knowledge

• Bias in Interpretation of data was evident
• Treatment Destruction
• Ex Authors wrote the reports (they lied)
• Ex Only a few admit failure

Andrews, D. Bonta, J. (2003). The Psychology of
Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati Anderson
24
What Works?

• Martinson (1974)
• 231 controlled studies reviewed
• 40-60 included ve results
• Conclusion Nothing Works

Andrews, D. Bonta, J. (2003). The Psychology of
Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati Anderson
25
Knowledge Destruction

• Negative Conclusions Accepted
• Positive Conclusions Criticism
• Reasons to discount the positive may better
  explain lack of treatment effects

Andrews, D. Bonta, J. (2003). The Psychology of
Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati Anderson
26
Meta Analysis of Treatment Effectiveness

• Treatment reduced recidivism
• Lipsey (1989)
• 64 (treatment over comparison)
• Recidivism
• Treatment 45
• Comparison 50

Andrews, D. Bonta, J. (2003). The Psychology of
Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati Anderson
27
Methodological Variables Effect Size

• Sample size
• Follow up period
• Reliability / validity
• Reporting of method statistical procedures
• Non-equivalence of groups
• Attrition rates
• Comparison groups

Andrews, D. Bonta, J. (2003). The Psychology of
Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati Anderson
28
Treatment Variables associated with Reduced
Recidivism

• Longer duration meaningful contact
• Non correctional setting
• Evaluator influence
• Behaviour Oriented, Skill oriented, Multimodal
  treatment
• Higher risk cases
• Extrapersonal factors attended to

Andrews, D. Bonta, J. (2003). The Psychology of
Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati Anderson
29
Principles of Effective Treatment

• High risk cases (RISK)
• Criminogenic needs (NEED)
• Matching (RESPONSIVITY)
• Professional review of Risk, Need, Responsivity

Andrews, D. Bonta, J. (2003). The Psychology of
Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati Anderson
30
Types of Correctional Treatments

• Sanction
• judicial disposition
• Restitution
• Inappropriate
• unstructured individual/group
• Scared Straight
• nondirective vocational
• inattention to risk/needs
• Appropriate
• attention to risk, needs, responsivity

Andrews, D. Bonta, J. (2003). The Psychology of
Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati Anderson
31
Meta Analysis Sanction

• Andrews, Zinger et al. (1990)
• 154 treatment comparisons
• 30 - criminal sanction set
• Mean phi coefficient -.07

Andrews, D. Bonta, J. (2003). The Psychology of
Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati Anderson
32
(Andrews Bonta, 2003)
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Sanctions or Service?

• Sanctions
• 1990 r -.07 (n 30)
• 1998 r -.02 (n 79)
• 2003 r -.03 (n 101)
• Service
• 1990 r .15 (n 124)
• 1998 r .13 (n 215)
• 2003 r .12 (n 273)

(Andrews Bonta, 2003)
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Types of Treatment

• Appropriate
• Unspecified
• Inappropriate
• Effect size
• AppropriategtUnspecifiedgtInappropriategtNo Tx
• phi.30 .13
  -.06 -.07
• Behavioural gt Nonbehavioural
• .29 .04

Andrews, D. Bonta, J. (2003). The Psychology of
Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati Anderson
35
Effect Sizewhat does it Mean?

• Phi
• provides the Magnitude Direction of the
  association between 2 binary variables (such as
  treatment participation recidivism)
• Translate Phi into the BESD
• Binomial Effects Size Display
• Converts phi into a value that shows the
  difference in recidivism rates between a
  treatment group and a control group
• 2 Assumptions for this conversion

Andrews, D. Bonta, J. (2003). The Psychology of
Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati Anderson
36
Calculating the BESD

• Appropriate Treatment Group had Phi .30
• Mean Effect Size .30
• BESD
• Tx Group .50 - (.30/2) .50 - .15 .35
• Control group .50 (.30/2) .50 .15 .65
• So Recidivism Rates
• Tx Group 35
• Control Group 65
• In this case.does treatment work???

Dowden, C. Andrews, D. (1999). What works for
female offenders A meta-analytic review. Crime
Delinquency, Vol. 45(4). P. 438-452.
37
Calculate the BESD

• Behavioural Treatment phi .29
• Nonbeahvioural Treatment phi .04
• BESD (behavioural vs. control)
• Beh. Tx .50 - .29/2 .355 (35.5 Recidivism)
• Control .50 .29/2 .645 (64.5 Recidivism)
• BESD (Nonbehavioural vs. control)
• Beh. Tx .50 - .04/2 .48 (48 Recidivism)
• Control .50 .04/2 .52 (52 Recidivism)

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Appropriate Treatment

• Composite of
• Any Service, Risk, Need, Responsivity
• 0 criminal sanctions
• 1 human service
• consistent with one human service principle
• 2 human service with 2
• 3 human service with 3

Andrews, D. Bonta, J. (2003). The Psychology of
Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati Anderson
39
Mean Effect Size by Appropriate Treatment
of Treatment Conditions Present
(Andrews Bonta, 2003)
40
Mean Effect Size by Appropriate Treatment in
Community and Residential Settings

of Treatment Conditions Present
(Andrews Bonta, 2003)
41
Something Works

• Carleton Data
• Mean effect size .08
• Translates into BESD of
• Tx Gp Recidivism Rate 46
• Control Gp recidivism Rate 54
• Mild
• Positive
• Inconsistent with Martinsons Nothing Works

Andrews, D. Bonta, J. (2003). The Psychology of
Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati Anderson
42
Theory Intervention
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Principles of Behavioural Influence

• Relationship Principle
• open, warm, enthusiastic, mutual respect,
  nonblaming communication, liking, interest
• Socio-emotional principle
• Structuring Principle
• Content of messages
• Behaviour patterns
• Contingency principle
• Training principle
• Control principle

Andrews, D. Bonta, J. (2003). The Psychology of
Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati Anderson
44
Responsivity

• Relationship encourages learning
• Structure direction of learning

Andrews, D. Bonta, J. (2003). The Psychology of
Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati Anderson
45
Psychodynamic Theory Psychotherapy

• Identify appropriate needs for intervention
• Psychoanalysis
• Inappropriate intervention
• Focus on past
• High level of Verbal Intelligence, motivation
• Too expensive, Too long, Too Inefficient!

Andrews, D. Bonta, J. (2003). The Psychology of
Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati Anderson
46
Evaluations of Psychodynamic Therapies

• Unstructured
• Did not make use of direct training techniques
• Relied on
• talk therapy
• Psychological interpretation
• Emotional expression Ventilation
• Emotional support
• Therapist-client relationships

Andrews, D. Bonta, J. (2003). The Psychology of
Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati Anderson
47
Evaluations of Psychodynamic Therapies

• Results of Evaluations
• Ineffective
• Criminogenic!!!!
• Especially with
• High risk cases
• Interpersonally immature cases

Andrews, D. Bonta, J. (2003). The Psychology of
Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati Anderson
48
2 Dimensions

• Relationship Dimension encourages learning
• Structural Dimension direction of learning
• In Correctional Setting
• If focus just on Relationship Dimension
• If ignore Structural Dimension
• Result Ineffective OR Harmful!

Andrews, D. Bonta, J. (2003). The Psychology of
Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati Anderson
49
Labeling, Conflict Due Process Theory

• Dont Identify Needs
• Too much emphasis on social class
• Preoccupied with
• Anti-treatment Themes
• Due Process Themes

Andrews, D. Bonta, J. (2003). The Psychology of
Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati Anderson
50
Labeling, Conflict Due Process Theory

• Anti-treatment Themes
• Leave alone
• Divert
• Processing punishment not rehabilitation
• Unidimensional
• Fail to consider individual differences
• Fail to consider treatment matching
• Unlikely to be successful

Andrews, D. Bonta, J. (2003). The Psychology of
Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati Anderson
51
Labeling, Conflict Due Process Theory
Treatment

• Group not individual
• Loosely structured
• Non-directive
• Interpersonal warmth
• Relationship dynamics

Andrews, D. Bonta, J. (2003). The Psychology of
Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati Anderson
52
Subcultural Differential Association Theory

• Criminogenic Subcultures
• Community disorganization
• Poor access to services
• Gang membership
• Programs to Develop/strengthen
• Welfare agencies
• Neighborhood organizations
• Inborn Leadership

Andrews, D. Bonta, J. (2003). The Psychology of
Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati Anderson
53
Subcultural Differential Association Theory

• Successful Results
• Improved neighborhood conditions
• New welfare agencies
• Recreational opportunities
• Problematic Results
• Increase in Delinquency
• Detached worker program
• Increased group cohesiveness

Andrews, D. Bonta, J. (2003). The Psychology of
Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati Anderson
54
Behavioral Social Learning Approaches

• Most successful
• Structured
• Well formulated models of
• criminal conduct
• service delivery
• Program leaders
• Well trained
• Well supervised
• Organized
• Training manuals, program manuals, evaluation
• Diverse Target Audience
• Sex offenders, substance abusers, Men who abuse
  women

Andrews, D. Bonta, J. (2003). The Psychology of
Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati Anderson
55
Effective Correctional Counselling

• Anticriminal models
• Reinforcers of anticriminal behaviour
• Staff must be able to distinguish between anti-
  and pro-criminal expressions

Andrews, D. Bonta, J. (2003). The Psychology of
Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati Anderson
56
Procriminal Expressions

• Negative attitude (law, police, courts)
• Tolerance for rule violations
• Tolerance for violations of the law
• Identification with offenders
• Endorsement of exonerating mechanisms

Andrews, D. Bonta, J. (2003). The Psychology of
Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati Anderson
57
Anticriminal Expressions

• Emphasize negative consequences
• Reject/Limit Rationalizations
• Express risks

Andrews, D. Bonta, J. (2003). The Psychology of
Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati Anderson
58
Effective Workers

• High quality relationships
• Model anticriminal expressions
• Approve of Clients anticriminal expressions
• Disapprove of Clients procriminal expressions
  while demonstrating alternatives

Andrews, D. Bonta, J. (2003). The Psychology of
Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati Anderson
59
1. High Quality Relationship Conditions

• Conducive to modeling reinforcement
• Open, flexible, enthusiastic style
• Free to express feelings, opinions
• Mutual respect
• Real not phony understanding
• Humour
• Frequent contact
• Shared agreements on limits of physical
  emotional intimacy

Andrews, D. Bonta, J. (2003). The Psychology of
Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati Anderson
60
2. Effective Modeling

• Concrete demonstration
• Concrete detail if verbal
• Rewarded personally and refers to reward
• Rewards for exhibiting behaviour
• Source of reinforcement
• Points out general similarities
• Recognizes fear / distrust coping style

Andrews, D. Bonta, J. (2003). The Psychology of
Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati Anderson
61
3. Effective Reinforcement

• Strong, emphatic immediate approval
• Elaboration
• Intense enough to distinguish it
• empathic

Andrews, D. Bonta, J. (2003). The Psychology of
Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati Anderson
62
4. Effective Disapproval

• 4 to - 1 rule
• Strong, emphatic immediate approval
• Elaboration
• Intense enough to distinguish it
• empathic

Andrews, D. Bonta, J. (2003). The Psychology of
Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati Anderson
63
Effective Use of Authority

• Position of authority
• Monitoring for compliance
• Guidance towards compliance

Andrews, D. Bonta, J. (2003). The Psychology of
Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati Anderson
64
Skill Building Through Structured Learning

• Describe components
• Model
• Reinforced practice
• Homework
• Opportunities to enhance skill

Andrews, D. Bonta, J. (2003). The Psychology of
Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati Anderson
65
Knowledge Construction Knowledge Destruction

• Competing Variables?
• Different Types of Cases?
• Real World Practicality?

Andrews, D. Bonta, J. (2003). The Psychology of
Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati Anderson
66
Reading for Next Week

• Chapters 7 8 should be read by next week