What is a paradigm

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What is a paradigm?
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What research paradigms do you know?
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I believe that the almost universal reliance on
merely refuting the null hypothesis as the
standard method for corroborating substantive
theories in the soft (i.e.social sciences) is a
terrible mistake, is basically unsound, poor
scientific strategy, and one of the worst things
that ever happened in the history of
psychology.I am not making some nitpicking
statisticians correction. I am saying the whole
business is so radically defective as to be
scientifically almost pointless. Meehl,
1978
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Qualitative Research Paradigm

• Not everything can be measured
• Life is a multivariate reality
• It is not possible to separate one variables
  influence from other influences in real world
  settings meaning in context
• Understanding evolves from interaction and
  systematic recording of data

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DESCRIPTIVE EXPLORATORY
Describe Develop Populations Theory

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Difference in Research Questions

• How do patients perceive their chemotherapy
  treatment?
• Are there differences in affective disorders
  between patients with breast cancer who have
  chemotherapy and those who do not?
• How do team members function on interdisciplinary
  teams?
• Do physicians and physical therapists differ in
  their behaviors in team settings?

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Qualitative/Quantitative Comparison

• Qualitative
• Less structured, more flexible
• Theory building
• Inductive
• Occurs in natural settings
• Subjects perceptions are accurate measures of
  reality

• Quantitative
• Highly structured, not flexible
• Theory proving
• Deductive
• Occurs in laboratory settings
• Data needs to measured by a second party for
  objectivity

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Relationship between Paradigms

• Complimentary interaction between methods
  questions for one paradigm can be generated by
  the other
• Combination of quantitative and qualitative
  methods can give more complete information about
  the topic under investigation

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Both paradigms.

• Are characterized by thorough coverage and
  investigation of all evidence
• Constant awareness of and testing of rival
  hypotheses
• Produce results with significant implications

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History of qualitative research approaches

• Well-accepted research paradigm that was a
  primary method of study prior to development of
  sophisticated statistical methods
• Some major theories, such as developmental
  theory, came from qualitative research
• Heavily used in social sciences, especially
  anthropology, education and sociology
• Use of method waxed during 60s-80s with evolution
  of computerized statistical packages
• Re-emerged in the 80s, used extensively now

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Process of Qualitative Research

• Develop research question
• Review the literature
• Choose participants
• Choose method
• Choose data collection methods
• Decide upon data analysis methods

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Qualitative Research Methods

• Ethnography
• Phenomenology
• Hermaneutics
• Single case study
• Case study comparisons
• Focus groups
• Life history

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Qualitative Data Collection Tools

• Observation
• Participant observation
• Interviews
• Review of documents
• Surveys

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Bias on the part of all parties is accepted and
factored into data analysis
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Person -as -instrument statement -
acknowledgement of researcher bias
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Trustworthiness

• Triangulation of data
• multiple informants
• multiple methods (i.e. participant observation,
  interview, document review)
• Member checking
• Peer Reviewer
• Multiple data analysts

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Transferability

• Phenomena under investigation are contextually
  bound, so generalizability is not a research
  concern
• Development of detailed descriptions add to the
  potential to transfer understandings from one
  context to another
• Findings from one contextual study may have
  relevance to another study

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Critique of Qualitative Research

• Results are flawed by researcher and participant
  bias
• The approach is unscientific nothing is
  quantified, the information is general and
  descriptive
• There is no rigor in the design, no organization
• Data reduction is difficult qualitative work is
  lengthy, not concise. Difficult to publish in
  article form, takes too long to read

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Research question What is it like growing up
with a disability?
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Method
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