Geen diatitel

1
(No Transcript)
2
Implicit Motivation and Adaptation of Goals and
Experiences Henk Aarts Department of
Psychology Utrecht University
3
The issue under investigation

• 1. Our goal pursuits can originate in the
  unconscious
• ?Goal priming executive processes ??
• Conscious experiences of willful goal pursuit
  exist
• ?Sense of agency
• 2. From nonconscious goals to experiences of
  willful goal pursuit (agency assessment) ??

4
Goal priming Positive affect as implicit
motivator

• Goals need to be desired to operate as
  motivational forces
• Nonconscious will
• Implicit intention
• Implicit volition
• Unconscious self
• If positive affect follows representation of
  behavior/outcome
• May operate as a nonconscious goal
• Two possible roles for positive affect (valence)
• - co-activation of goal representation and
  positive affect
• - established association between goal and
  positive affect

5
Study (Effort)

• Method separate experiments paradigm
• Dot detection pos. affect linked or not (puzzle
  goal)
• Instructions for next experiment (mouse-click
  task)
• Puzzle task (if sufficient time left)
• One group (no linking) conscious goal
• DV speed on mouse-click task (more effort
  being faster is instrumental to engage in doing
  a puzzle)

6
Study (Effort)
fixation point
500 ms
premask
500 ms
pgudehnk
non-word/state word
30 ms
pruvket/puzzle
postmask
150 ms
time
pgudehnk
neutral/positive word
150 ms
although/pleasant
.
blank
30 ms
dot or not?
30 ms
7
Study (Effort)
Speed as a function of goal type
(Custers, Aarts, JPSP, 2005)
8
Goal priming Positive affect as implicit
motivator

• More support
• - More wanting
• - More behavioral effort
• - Accentuated size perception
• - Active maintenance
• Effects conditional on priming and link with
• positive affect
• Nonconscious goal pursuit emergent property of
• interaction of goal representation and positive
  affect

9
Experienced willfulness of goal pursuit

• Control models Agency arises from match
• between expected/actual action-effect
• Normal intention to cause effect by action
• Wegner Not always the case. It may be illusory
• ? Priming (consistent) thought before
  action/effect
• enhances sense of agency
• - Unconscious authorship processing
• Several demos (e.g., Wegner Wheatley
• Aarts, Custers, Wegner)

10
(No Transcript)
11
(No Transcript)
12
(No Transcript)
13
Aarts, Custers, Wegner, CC, 2005
14
Aarts, Custers, Wegner, CC, 2005 - Subliminal
primes
Agency rating (10 point scale)
15
Experienced willfulness of goal pursuit

• However, it only seems to work when thought
• is primed just before action (e.g., stop)
• and observed result (e.g., position)
• Pure perceptual/cognitive ??
• What about nonconscious goal pursuit
• What happens when the thought turns
• into a motive or desired goal

16
From nonconscious goals to the conscious
experience of willful goal pursuit
Three experiments - Task that requires an
action producing a potential effect (color
spectrum task) - Effect could be caused by
participant or computer - Priming effect
information, and playing around with timing and
affect - Agency ratings
17
Study (priming and timing)

• Design priming color (no vs. yes) x timing of
  priming before action (1 sec. vs 20 sec.)
• Priming event prime (30 ms) mask (150 ms)
• Primes were XXXXX or a colorword and masks
  were random letter strings the priming event
  occurred 3 times
• DV agency rating on 9 point scale.

18
Task
(the hidden color spectrum task) ( a random
string of letters)
Prime event (20 sec.)
Prime event (1 sec.)
Key-press
Effect (color)
Agency rating
19
Study (Priming and timing)
Agency as a function of priming and timing
20
Study (priming and positive Affect)

• Only at 20 sec. before key-press
• Design prime, pos. affect or primepos. affect
  (within participants)
• Prime prime, mask, xxx, mask, xxx, mask (7 x).
• Pos. affect xxx, mask, affect, mask, xxx, mask
  (7 x)
• Prime/pos.affect prime, mask, affect, mask, xxx,
  mask (7x)
• Affective words e.g., nice, fun (also 30 ms)
• DV agency rating

21
Task
(the hidden color spectrum task) ( a random
string of letters)
Prime event (20 sec.)
Key-press
Effect (color)
Agency rating
22
Study (priming and positive Affect)

• Agency as a function of priming and affect

23
Study (priming and positive Affect After)

• More agency because effect more positive or
  because operates as goal in guiding behavior
• Test primepos. affect after key-press and
  effect information
• Always before agency rating
• Design no prime, prime before, or primepos.
  affect after (within participants)

24
Study (priming and positive Affect After)

• No prime
• before xxx, mask, xxx, mask, xxx, mask (7x)
• after xxx, mask, affect, mask, xxx, mask (7x)
• Prime
• before prime, mask, xxx, mask, xxx, mask (7x)
• after xxx, mask, affect, mask, xxx, mask (7x)
• Prime/pos. affect
• before xxx, mask, xxx, mask, xxx, mask (7x)
• after prime, mask, affect, mask, xxx, mask (7x)

25
Task
(the hidden color spectrum task) ( a random
string of letters)
Prime event (pos.affect)
Prime event
Key-press
Effect (color)
Agency rating
26
Study (priming and positive Affect After)

• Agency as a function of prime-time and pos. affect

27
Summary

• 1. Linking goal to positive affect turns into
  motive
• 2. Instigates nonconscious goal operation
  processes
• 3. Match between accessible goal information
  (potential effect) and observed effect agency
• 4. Guiding/experiencing goal pursuit relies on
  similar mechanism nonconscious executive
  processes emerging from interactions of goal
  representation and positive affect