Muhammed SAHIN

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Surveying II
Muhammed SAHIN Ergin TARI
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COURSE DESCRIPTION
The objectives of the course are to develop a
knowledge of surveying procedures, instruments
and computations, and to develop skills of
engineering problems with their solutions,
particularly on EDM, vertical datum, leveling in
general, cross section and profile levelings,
area and volume computations, error theory in
leveling and traversing.
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CONTENTS
1. Surveying, surveying types, chaining,
azimuth, bearing 2 Electro-optic length
measurement reduction of measurements, errors
in EDM 3 Traversing, special problems in
traversing 4 Vertical datum, height systems
5 Vertical control nets, design
measurements 6 Leveling, related definitions,
differantial leveling 7 Levels, type of levels,
errors of levels, laser and digital
levels 8 Precise leveling, trigonometric leveling
and application with different methods 9 Tacheomet
ry and electronic tacheometry 10 Profile
Cross-section leveling 11 Surface levelling, Area
volume computations 12 Errors error theory in
differential leveling 13 Error theory in
Traversing 14 Blunders in traverses, blunder
detection
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NUMBER OF ACTIVITIES AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION ()
TO THE FINAL GRADE
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REFERENCES

• Surveying, theory and practice / James M.
  Anderson, Edward M. Mikhail, Boston
  WCB/McGraw-Hill, c1998.
• Surveying / Heribert Kahmen, Wolfgang Faig,
  Berlin W. de Gruyter, 1988.
• 1001 solved surveying fundamentals problems / Jan
  Van Sickle. ,1993.
• Construction surveying and layout a
  step-by-step field eng / Wesley G. Crawford.
  ,1995.

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REFERENCES

• Elektromagnetik dalgalarla jeodezik ölçmeler
  (elektrometri) / M. Gündogdu Özgen ,1986.
• Elementary surveying / Paul R. Wolf, Russell C.
  Brinker., 1989.
• Elements of plane surveying / Arthur R. Benton,
  Jr., Philip J. Taetz. , 1991.

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REFERENCES

• Geographic and land information systems for
  practicing surve / ed. Harlan J. Onsrud, David W.
  Cook ,1990
• Legal topics in boundary surveying a compendium
  / ed. Wendy Lathrop. ,1990
• Manual on construction layout / Construction
  Standards Survey Committee, National Society of
  National Society of Professional Surveyors ,1993
• Mühendis ve mimarlar için topografya (ölçme
  bilgisi) / M. Gündogdu Özgen. ,1990
• Ölçme bilgisi / Celal Songu ,1981

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REFERENCES

• Ölçme bilgisi pratik jeodezi / E. Özbenli, T.
  Tüdes. ,1985
• Right-of-way surveying / by the Task Committee on
  Right-of-Way of the Surveying and M ,1991
• Schaum's outline of theory and problems of
  introductory surv / by James R. Wirshing , Roy H.
  Wirshing. ,1985
• Site surveying and levelling / John Clancy. ,1991
  
• Survey crew manual / Kenneth E. Kratz. ,1993
• The surveying handbook / ed. Russell C. Brinker,
  Roy Minnick. ,1987

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SURVEYING It is the art of measuring horizontal
and vertical distances between objects, of
measuring angles between lines, of determining
the direction of lines, and of establishing
points by predetermined angular and linear
measurements. The actual measurements are the
mathematical calculations. Distances, angles,
directions, locations, elevations, areas, and
volumes are thus determined from the data of the
survey. Survey data is portrayed (displayed)
graphically by the construction of maps,
profiles, cross sections, and diagrams.
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TYPES OF SURVEYS Geodetic Surveying The type of
surveying that takes into account the true shape
of the earth. These surveys are of high precision
and extend over large areas. Plane Surveying The
type of surveying in which the mean surface of
the earth is considered as a plane, or in which
its spheroidal shape is neglected, with regard to
horizontal distances and directions.
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• Operations in Surveying
• Control Survey Made to establish the horizontal
  and vertical positions of arbitrary points.
• Boundary Survey Made to determine the length and
  direction of land lines and to establish the
  position of these lines on the ground.
• Topographic Survey Made to gather data to
  produce a topographic map showing the
  configuration of the terrain and the location of
  natural and man-made objects.
• Hydrographic Survey The survey of bodies of
  water made for the purpose of navigation, water
  supply, or submarine construction.

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• Operations in Surveying (contd)
• Mining Survey Made to control, locate and map
  underground and surface works related to mining
  operations.
• Construction Survey Made to lay out, locate and
  monitor public and private engineering works.
• Route Survey Refers to those control,
  topographic, and construction surveys necessary
  for the location and construction of highways,
  railroads, canals, transmission lines, and
  pipelines.
• Photogrammetric Survey Made to utilize the
  principles of aerial photogrammetry, in which
  measurements made on photographs are used to
  determine the positions of photographed objects.

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• Distance Measurement
• Chaining
• Electronic Distance Measurement
• GPS and other space techniques

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Chaining In many instances, it is easiest to
simply measure the horizontal distance by keeping
both ends of the chain (steel tape) at the same
elevation. This is not difficult if there is not
a big elevation change between points. When the
difference in elevation along the measurement
becomes too great for level chaining, other
methods are called for. One option, break
chaining, involves simply breaking the
measurement into two or more measurements that
can be chained level. This works well for
measurements along a gentle slope where a
reasonable distance can be measured between break
chaining points.
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Generalized EDM procedure
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Prisms The reflector, or prism, is a corner cube
of glass in which the sides are perpendicular to
a very close tolerance. It has the characteristic
that incident light is reflected parallel to
itself, thus returning the beam to the source.
This is called a retrodirective prism or retro
reflector.
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These reflectors have a so-called effective
center. The location of the center is not
geometrically obvious because light travels
slower through glass than air. The effective
center will be behind the prism itself and is
generally not over the station occupied. Thus
there is a reflector constant or prism constant
to be subtracted from the measurement. Some
manufacturers shift the center of the EDM forward
the same amount as the prism offset to yield a
zero constant.
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S
he
d
L
A
hr-he
hr
elevA
B
elevB
Datum
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Horizontal
v
L
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Electro-optical EDM instruments
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Total Stations
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Total stations with data collectors
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Single Reflectors
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Multiple reflectors