True or False

1
True or False

• Obesity is defined as a BMI greater than 30?

2

• True
• Obesity is defined as greater than 30.

3
True or False

• An acceptable waist to hip ratio for males is 0.80

4

• False
• An acceptable waist to hip ratio for females is
  0.8

5

• Increasing amounts of the sugar lactose in the US
  diet is believed to be one of the major causes of
  obesity?

6

• False
• Increasing amounts of the sugar fructose is
  believed to be one of major causes of obesity

7
True or False

• All of the artificial sweeteners on the US market
  can be considered to have no calories.

8

• True

9

• Obesity increases the risk of Type 1 diabetes?

10

• False
• Obesity increases the risk of type 2 diabetes

11

• The hormone considered to be the most sensitive
  to the glycemic index of food is ghrelin?

12

• False
• The hormone considered to be the most sensitive
  to the glycemic index of food is?

13

• The current recommended surgical treatment for
  morbidly obese patients is ______________?

14

• Gastric bypass or gastric banding

15
True or False

• While you are taking this examination, the main
  source of ATP for your hand an am that you are
  using to write this examination is anaerboic
  oxidation of fatty acids?

16

• False
• Aerobic

17

• The most sensitive method for obtaining a dose
  response curve for a vitamin is determined of
  serum levels.

18

• True

19

• The oxidation level of retinol that is a ligand
  for the RAR and RXR receptors retinoic acid

20

• True
• The oxidation level of retinol that is a ligand
  for the RAR and RXR receptors is retinoic acid

21

• Retina is the colored (yellow ) form of vitamin A
  found in plants.

22

• False
• Beta Carotene is the coloured (yellow) form of
  vitamin A found in plants.

23

• Chronic hypervitaminosis A can cause nontraumatic
  rib facture.

24

• False
• Chronic hypervitaminosis A can cause nontraumatic
  HIP factures.

25

• The hormone produced in the kidneys that
  regulates calcium transport across the intestinal
  mucosa is 1,25-dihydroxy cholecalciferol

26

• True
• The hormone produced in the kidneys that
  regulates calcium transport across the intestinal
  mucosa is 1,25-dihydroxy cholecalciferol

27

• Removal of the parathyroid gland causes
  hypercalcemia

28

• False
• Removal of the parathyroid gland causes
  hypocalcemia

29

• Methotrexate inhibits generation of the active
  forms of cyanocobalamin

30

• False
• Methotrexate inhibits generation of the active
  forms of folic acid

31

• A 400 Calorie (kcal) liquid protein diet is a
  widely used diet for individuals with BMIs
  between 26 - 29

32

• False
• A 400 Calorie (kcal) liquid protein diet is a

33

• A vitamins UL is the dose where toxicities are
  readily observed?

34

• False
• A vitamins UL is the dose just before toxicities
  are readily observed.

35

• The RDA value for a vitamin is the amount of
  vitamin needed by 50 percent of the individuals
  in a defined group.

36

• True
• EAR 2 STD ????

37

• A vitamin dose-response curve is an example of
  nutrition science.

38

• True
• A vitamin dose response curve is an example of
  nutrition science

39

• Vitamin A prevents blindness in infants and
  children?

40

• True
• Vitamin A prevents blindness in infants and
  children.

41

• The FDAs daily Value (DV) for vitamin A is 1500
  mcg which is within the adult RDA range for this
  vitamin.

42

• False
• Above
• The FDAs daily Value (DV) for vitamin A is 1500
  mcg which is above the adult RDA range for this
  vitamin.

43

• The rhodopsin cycle takes place in dim light in
  the cones of the eye?

44

• False
• The rhodopsin cycle takes place in dim lght in
  the RODS of the eye.

45

• Absence of this vitamin produces goose bump or
  acne like appearances?

46

• Vitamin A.

47

• Rank the following sources of vitamin A in terms
  of bioavailability.
• A. Beta-Caroteine in capsules
• B. Retinol palmitate in calves liver
• C. Beta-Caroteine in carrots
• D. Reinol palmitate in vitamin capsule

48

• NAFC (Not A FUCKING CLUE)
• 1. D
• 2. A
• 3. B
• 4. C

49

• True or False

50

• True or False
• Ergocalciferol is considered equivalent to
  cholecalciferol.

51

• True
• Ergocalciferol is considered equivalent to
  cholecalciferol.

52

• True or False
• The water soluble commercial form of
  alpha-tocopherol is the acetate ester.

53

• False
• The water soluble commercial form of
  alpha-tocopherol is the hemisuccinate

54

• Dr. Steenbock demonstrated that irradiation of
  certain foods would produce diets that prevented
  (name of the disease)

55

• Rickets

56

• Most calcium is excreted in the

57

• Feces

58

• Of the three hormones that control calcium
  concentration, the one that acts on the most
  sites including at least two effects on the
  kidney is

59

• Parathyroid or PTH

60

• Chronic administration of drugs that interfere
  with lipid absorption in the intestinal tract
  might lead to deficiences of (names of vitamins)

61

• Cholecalciferol/Ergocalciferol/D3/D2
• Alpha-tocopherol
• Phytonadine (K1)
• Retinol palmitate/retinol acetate/ retinol

62

• Write the numbers of the asymmetric (chiral)
  carbons of vitamin E that make its
  stereochemistry so complex?

63

• 2, 4 and 8 from structure I
• Think double 2
• 2 2
• 2x24 4
• 2x2x28 8

64
What am I
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66
What am I
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68
What am I
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70
What am I
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72
What am I
73

• a-Carotene

74

• What was Professor Steenbocks (University of
  Wisconsin) key discovery that answered the
  question about fish oil and plant sources of
  vitamin A?

75

• Steenbock pointed that the vitamin A potency of
  certain plant sources seemed to run parallel with
  the amount of yellow, fat soluble pigments
  present in them.

76

• Of all the various ways to determine a vitamins
  DRI, which one of the newer methods appears to
  provide the most accurate information to arrive
  at a reliable DRI?

77

• Biochemical activity usually a coenzyme role
• Direct determination of the concentration in
  serum or plasma.

78

• There are several ways to develop a vitamin
  deficiency. Keeping in mind the potential to
  store a several month supply of vitamin A, how
  might a person develop a vitamin A deficiency?

79

• If you were to put someone in well for say
  greater than nine months (or until they were thin
  enough) then they would deplete the vitamin A
  levels.
• Long term malnutrition, possibly involving
  protein malnutrition preventing synthesis of
  adequate amounts of RBP sever liver disease,
  intestinal malabsorption.

80

• The are several characteristics for a vitamin.
  Name two that definitely apply to vitamin A other
  than it being organic (4 pts)
• (A) Essential, normal component of diet, required
  for a biochemical function, normal constituent of
  the diet.,

81
True or False

• The artificial sweetener derived from
  carbohydrate is aspartame?

82

• FaLse
• The artificial sweetener derived from peptide or
  amino acids or protein is aspartame.

83

• The thrifty gene model is one explanation why
  certain ethic groups are at increased risk of
  developing obesity?

84

• True
• Why J-Lo has a nice ass

85

• As a person ages, the number of calories required
  to maintain the individuals weight increases.

86

• False as a person ages, the number of calories
  required to maintain the individuals weight
  decreases.
• In class we pointed out that as individuals age
  their muscle mass decreases resulting in less
  caloric needs.

87

• The daily adult female-male RDA range for vitamin
  A is 700-900 µg

88

• True
• The daily adult female-male RDA range for vitamin
  A is 700 -900 µg.

89

• The most rapidly absorbed form of vitamin A is an
  oil-based retinol acetate dosage form.

90

• False
• The most rapidly absorbed form of vitamin A is an
  aqueous or emulsion retinol acetate dosage form.

91

• The form of vitamin A required for visual process
  is 11-cis-retinol acetate.

92

• False
• The form of vitamin A required for the visual
  process is 11-cis-retinal

93

• Starting with the following structure, draw the
  form of vitamin A that is a ligand for the RAR
  receptor.

94

• Replace the alcohol with a carboxylic acid
  forming retinoic acid.

95
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96

• Lean Cusine contains 180 Calories (kcal) per
  serving. Forty percent of these calories is the
  protein. How many grams of protein are in a
  serving of this product?

97

• (180)(.4) 72 Cal
• 72 Cal / 4 Cal 18 gm protein

98
Vitamin A Study Guide

• What are the advantage of Vitamin A esters in
  dosage forms?

99

• Vitamin A esters are more readily absorbed in the
  intestine than carotenes are.

100

• What is the role of Vitamin A in the visual
  process?

101

• Vitamin A is required for vision
• Part of the visual pigments in the rods
• Vit A deficiencies can cause night blindness and
  xerophthalmia

102

• Retinoic acid receptors are __________

103

• Nuclear receptors
• What are the nuclear receptors

104

• RARa,ß,? (ligand trans-retinoic acid)
• RXRa,ß,? (ligand 9-cis-retinoic acid)

105

• What is the role of Vit A in cell differentiation?

106

• Required for cell differentiation in the
  developing embryo
• Retinoic acid is now considered a hormone and
  plays a vital role in cel differentiation in
  embryos
• Deficieneces affect cells of the skin, cornea,
  lungs, and digestive tract

107

• What are symptoms and occurances of
  hypervitaminosis A and hypercarotenosis?

108

• HA
• Vertigo
• Diarrhea
• Nausea
• Vomiting

109

• Hypervitaminosis A Chronic symptoms?

110

• Fatigue
• Malaise
• Lethargy
• The list goes on an on

111

• What are the three dosage forms of Vitamin A?

112

• Retinol
• Retinol Acetate
• Retinol Palmitate

113

• Dietary forms of vitamin A?

114

• Fish and animal liver
• Carotene containing veggies
• Fortified milk
• Genetically modified rice

115
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116
Obesity
117

• What are the many causes of obesity?

118

• Excess adipose tissue
• Shift in eating habits
• Social class
• Hormone Imbalances

119

• Why do overweight children have problems
  maintaining their weight as adults?

120

• Adipocyte numbers stay constant
• The more adipocytes that are created during
  youth, the more weight control problems will
  occur in the future
• Basically adipose tissue is like a storage that
  that increases. The bigger it is the easier to
  fill up.

121

• What is the thrifty gene model?

122

• Basically evolution selected individuals who
  could best store fat and then breed. Skinny women
  died off. Our bodies are constantly under the
  assumption that a famine is approaching and
  therefore our bodies want to hold on to fat
  tighter.

123

• Name Three Reasons for the increase in the number
  of obese people.

124

• Increased caloric consumption
• Increased sedentary behavior
• Genetics can cause overweight parents to produce
  overweight kids.

125

• Potential role of peroxisomes and
  hormonal/cytokine control?

126
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127

• Types of PPARs?

128

• PPARalpha
• PPaRbeta
• PPARgama

129

• What does PPAR alpha do?

130

• Found in cardiac cells and other gluconeogenic
  organs

131

• Prefers p

132
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