Arup in Schools

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ICT in BSF Environmental Challenges An Engineers
View
Martin Mayfield
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• A few words about
• Climate Change

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(No Transcript)
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Finding out that global warming will change the
landscape in a part of the world where we dont
live is as relevant as finding out that the
lesser mottled Tasmanian butterfly is on the
verge of extinction. It isnt even worth a
shrug Jeremy Clarkson Sunday Times 16th
January 2005
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SWISH COVER
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• Whats going on?

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Our planet has become warmer..
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..and will get warmer in the future
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but not for the first time (and the carbon
connection)
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• "We find that CO2 is about 30 higher than at any
  time, and methane 130 higher than at any time
  and the rates of increase are absolutely
  exceptional for CO2, 200 times faster than at
  any time in the last 650,000 years."

Antarctic EPICA results 2005
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• CAUSE?

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Upsetting the Carbon Balance
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• EFFECT?

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• 1875

2004
We have already seen significant change
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Its happening now
Sea temperatures in Antarctica have risen 5 times
global average
Ice coverage in Alps 50 less than a century ago
Ice coverage in Greenland reducing by 1 m per year
The Next 100 Years?

• Best Guess 0.47m
• Thermal expansion 0.35m
• Glacial 0.13m
• Greenland 0.04m
• Arctic 0.00m
• Antarctic -0.05m

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Trends in extreme weather events
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• Mean winter temperatures could increase by
• 1 oC in England by 2020
• 1.5 to 2 oC by 2050
• 2 to 3.5 oC by 2080
• Mean summer temperatures
• could increase by
• 1 to 1.5 oC in England by 2020
• 1.5 to 3.5 oC by 2050
• 2 to 5 oC by 2080

Climate Change Scenarios
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Health

• Research conducted on behalf of the Department
  of Health concluded that climate change would
  mean that by 2050
• cold-related winter deaths are likely to decline
  substantially - possibly by as much as 20,000 per
  year
• heat-related summer deaths are likely to increase
  to around 2,800 per year
• cases of food poisoning are likely to increase by
  about 10,000 cases per year
• vector-borne and water-borne diseases may
  increase but their impact is likely to be small
• indigenous malaria could re-establish by 2050
• the risk of major disasters caused by gales and
  coastal flooding is likely to increase
  significantly
• effects of air pollutants on health are likely to
  decline, but effects of summer ozone may increase.

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Vulnerability
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Its the emissions, stupid.
global warming could pose a threat to the world
"greater than terrorism" - a plausible
scenario American Department of Defense

• Shutting down of the thermohaline conveyor (Gulf
  Stream)
• Average rainfall in Europe drops 30 percent
• Mega-droughts in Northern Europe and Southern
  China
• Widespread famine
• Rampant rioting
• Massive population migration
• China, India and Pakistan exchanges go nuclear

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Even if youre sceptical about Climate Change -
Peak Oil
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• What do we need to do?

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100
1 per year
Current Resource Consumption
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Halve every 25 years
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S
2000
2100
2050
Year
Resources Factor 10(?) reduction by 2100
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• So what does this mean for Schools?

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• Resource Depletion (materials)
• Energy
• Adaptability
• Climate Change
• Pedagogy
• ICT Integration

Sustainability Adaptability?
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Schools must inspire
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Schools must provide stimulating environments
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• It is much more important that children leave
  school with an understanding of why we need a
  sustainable society and how to achieve it rather
  than just learn in a building that has a low
  ecological footprint,
• but..

Why?
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• for these children to understand what this means
  they must learn within an environment that
  embodies these principles and reflects One World
  Living

Why?
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Our Relationship with the Planet
BREEAM Very Good not SEAM.
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• The effect of ICT on the Environment
• Carbon
• Materials
• Providing the right internal environment for ICT
  rich schools
• These two are connected through carbon emissions
  more gain worse environment

ICT, the Environment and Internal Environments
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Annual Carbon Consumption split between Gas and
Electricity
Annual Energy Consumption split between Gas and
Electricity
Energy vs. Carbon
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What is the low carbon approach?

• Greater focus upon electricity consumption
• Get the room geometries right
• Importance of good daylighting
• Avoidance of Air Conditioning
• Reduce Air Leakage
• Improve Glass Specification
• Focus on Lighting design and controls
• Impact of ICT much greater than under a low
  energy approach

PC Power
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• Looking forward

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How will the school building react to Climate
Change?
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If we can get close to eight hours thats a place
that people see as extraordinarily valuable.
Mike Trainor, Intel
ICT Integration
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What direction will ICT take - two many
variables?
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What will happen to ICT Loads? Scenario
modelling
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Combined long term impact modelling
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Delivering ICT rich environments with NatVent
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Rossington All Saints Doncaster
Cross ventilation climate change and ICT
resilience?
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100 laptop density
Harris Academy
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Advanced Geometries
Natural Ventilation
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Urban Natvent?
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Urban NatVent
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• Thermal Labyrinths
• Diurnal swing
• Limits
• Boreholes
• Capacity
• Risks

Ground Coupling
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• Ground Source Heat Pumps
• Ground Conditions
• Carbon Intensity
• Heating/Cooling balance
• Energy Piles

Ground Coupling
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Big wind is about 7 times more cost effective
than small wind Big wind is about 15 times
more cost effective than Building integrated wind
100 kW 0.89 kg/
60 kW 0.68kg/
275 kW 1.4 kg/
1.5 MW 2 kg/
1.5 kW 0.3kg/
750 kW 1.70 kg/
Kg CO2 saved per spent on wind turbines
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Learning Environments
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• Influencing factors
• Weather Data
• Acoustic Environment
• Occupancy Function
• Orientation
• Window Head Height
• Opening Mechanisms
• External Shading
• Internal Blinds
• Frame Material
• Trickle Vent Design
• Thermal Mass Coupling
• Glass Specification
• Infiltration Rate
• Rebate Sill Detail
• Measuring the free area

Getting the details right
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Façades so important!
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• Indoor Air Quality why?
• Poor Air Quality can cause acute health symptoms
• Increase absenteeism
• Directly and indirectly affect student and
• teacher performance

Ventilation

• Low CO2 (500 900 ppm) Power of Attention
  factor 1423
• High CO2 (2000 4000 ppm) Power of Attention
  factor 1491 (approx 5 worse)
• Suggests high levels of CO2 have a similar
  effect to pupils
• missing breakfast

Indoor Air Quality why?
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How far will you push the geometry to achieve
excellent day lighting?
Geometry daylighting
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White Design
Kingsmead Primary School
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Overheating Drivers
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• Research suggests
• Excellent Daylighting 5DLF 0.3 UF (15
  improvement?)
• Excellent Air Quality 16 litres/second (10
  improvement?)
• But,
• Poor air quality has a greater negative impact
  than poor daylighting

• So,
• Get ventilation right first.
• EXCELLENT DAYLIGHTING (SHOULD) REDUCE CARBON
  EMMISIONS
• EXCELLENT VENTILATION (TENDS TO) INCREASE CARBON
  EMISSIONS
• So,
• Provide highly CONTROLLABE ventilation

Attainment and Carbon
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Rossington All Saints Doncaster

• A Building that dynamically alters its façade to
  use the sun to reduce carbon emissions
• A Building that interact with its occupants
• A Building that manages its carbon emissions by
  switching all electrical equipment off when no
  one is around
• A Building that can identify its users, monitor
  their personal carbon emissions and help them to
  reduce them

Really Intelligent Buildings
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Equipment Recycling
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Thank You
Martin Mayfield